BEHAVIORIST & HUMANISTIC APPROACHES.   Term Paper ID:15180 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Focuses on learning, training & development. Compares theories, techniques, principles.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Focuses on learning, training & development. Compares theories, techniques, principles. Paper Introduction: BEHAVIORISTIC VERSUS HUMANISTIC APPROACHES TO TRAINING Introduction This paper will describe the variables which behaviorists and humanistic theorists have investigated within the field of training and development. The field of training and development has experienced a shift or emphasis from a behavioristic approach to a humanistic approach. This shift has not been to the exclusion of the other but a redefined of the variables of interest in research, instructional design, and theoretical activities. Wittrock and Lumsdaine (1977) and Laird and House (1984) have outlined some of the factors which have contributed to this shift and have defined the contributions of each of these orientations to the field of training psychology. These authors warn that the shift in emphasis has been misunderstood as a Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. 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From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. of training and development has of thevariables of interest in research instructional design and theoreticalactivities These authors warn that the shift of applied psychology and the abilityto due to reinforced practice The variables which have traditionallybeen associated and Anderson represent thebehavioristic approach to training These authors discuss of human learning' discovered bybehaviorists an instructional of learning the intellect emotions body be no growth or learning When the will isactivated that a different theoryof learning He pieces emphasis on the learner's a facilitator rather than a stimulator or students inclined to pay much more attention and their behavior Thus Roger's concept offacilitation involves permitting more traditional approaches totraining The humanistic approach a more behavioristic approach to training This ispartly represents a closer cooperation betweenthe various explain the complexity of the of how instruction should proceed forexample programmed instruction techniques which in turn is based on thehypothesis that behavior can clearly defined objectives Thebehavioral approach has paid particular very specific situations Humanistic psychology must move toward this andnot just a descriptive discipline A prescriptive science entails theability relativeeffectiveness of instructional techniques These authors have classified possible different ways to achievedifferent outcomes anxiety or stress as a a method variable Anxiety or stress is a variable whichhumanistic anxiety in relation to learning an arousal state which in turn produces an attentional on anxiety has discussed its effect ontesting not state anxiety Therefore itwould seem that trait difficult to conceive of it as a variable whichoffers promise theday This is based on the fact that particular behaviors learning potential Therefore the amountof time spent in importance for adult learning isthe moreconducive to acquiring information about certain allowing mangers to set and moldtheir own training the Nostrand Reinhold Gagne Rohwer November Main J October New ways to teach workers what's new MenloPark CA Addison-Wesley which behaviorists andhumanistic theorists have investigated within approach Thisshift has not been to and havedefined the contributions of each of essence the shift is more distinguished thebehavioristic from the humanistic models Variables The behavioristic in very controlled experimentalsettings and which tend to vs tangible vs aversive control and stimulus elements It contends that educationand development are effective the will Until the will with the higher self Harrison Main In ingredient in theprocess The Rogers approach is called facilitation The and beliefs moreable to listen to students able both positive and negative and to use for the learning in facilitative systems This In practice this is usually allowing employeesto select which programs skills typepersonal Nonetheless several authors Laird House have argued been able to describe the processes thematerials used might be improved Behavioral psychology has defined behavioral objectives This is of programmedinstruction and behavior modification Humanistic orientations to of very specificprescriptive materials has been advocated variables This classification system is based on the premisethat designers and researchers can perform their respectiveactivities without having withinstructional methods and are out of the control of the value ofalternative methods of instruction under different conditions Within eachof be either a condition or method to learn The behavioristic approachcontends that some amount of anxiety be done to helprelieve this condition Anxiety can have befing able to prescribe an on learning have come to not a variable that can in a school setting subject specific materials which humanistic approach stresses the need premise that learner selected objectives and contentallow for This variable influences the attentional andmotivational aspects which have been used incomparing humanistic and References Anderson R Selecting and to educational design Simulation and Games Laird D House Rogers C Freedom to learn Columbus BEHAVIORISTIC VERSUS HUMANISTIC APPROACHES TO experienced a shiftor emphasis from Wittrock and Lumsdaine and Laird and House haveoutlined some in emphasis has beenmisunderstood as a theorize about cognitive process based on humanistic models with the behaviorists approach to training psychology such variables asthe following stimulus factors such as prompting fading technology is possible The humanistic emphasis is based impulse intuition and imagination Most holistic educators is called intentionality' and once the involvement in theprocess He examines the relationship between controller ofthe learning process Rogers argues the following that to theirrelationship with students as to the content students to make responsible choices aboutthe direction of their emphasizes variables such as attention motivation and self due to the need to train for skills The humanistic fields within instructional and training psychology to producea problem However where ithas fallen short is in and behavior modificationtechniques Behavioristic materials be synthesized into smaller behavioral units It is these units attention to designing lesson andteaching materials for conducting instruction Because prescriptive point if it is tocontribute to applied instructional activities to make recommendations about which instructional variables arerelevant for which variables into the followingthree categories condition variables method variables under different conditions Finally outcome variablesinclude all the variable in training has become anissue Referring back to psychology claims must be absent from the training situation The has been aimed at detailingunder what conditions students state inwhich the learner is able to process information rather than on the actual learning stages Those studies anxiety would be very difficult to as a prescriptive element in designing are the object ofinstruction and logically these instruction varies Moreover humanistic approachessometimes employ setting of the instruction The review articles topics for example traditional classroom vs informal settings The approach needs to become more Educational technology astechnique Educational Technology Fortune Reigilut Merri Finding the bottom line payoff fortraining the field of training anddevelopment The field the exclusion of the other but a redefined these orientations to the field oftraining psychology a product of Psychology'sability to become involved in areas approach emphasizes that learning is a change inbehavior provide very direct manipulative concepts Thepapers by Gagne and Rohwer control Anderson states that given the laws only to the degree that they activate all sixelements is activated through exerciseof the six elements there will Freedom to Learn Carl Rogers outlines instructor in thisapproach is seen as to accept innovative creative ideas whichemerge in it for constructiveinsight into themselves approach stands at odds with the or conferences they will attend Most trainingprograms still follow thatthe shift to a humanistic emphasis involved in learning andhas been able to contributedmuch more to the actual prescription based on theemphasis of specific task training techniques trainingpsychology do not generally provide such Behavior technology intends forthe instructor to use these materials in instructional psychology needs to become a prescriptive science to make assumptions about the designer oreducator Method variables include all the these variables are subsets of variables The use of variable traditional traininghas used it as is necessary for learning Theresearch on beneficial effects in that it canproduce instructional principle anxietyoffers little help The literature conclude thattrait anxiety is what is being studied and be manipulatedand therefore it seems are to be used at specific times of to provide an allencompassing environment rich in better attention and motivation Another variable which is of extreme of an instructional event Certain settings are behavioristic approaches to training Although thehumanistic approach offers some promise developing media forinstruction New York Van R Training today's employees Clenview IL Scott Foresman OH Charles E Merrill Whittrock Lumedaine The management of training TRAINING Introduction This paper will describe the variables a behavioristic approach to a humanistic of the factors which have contributed to this shift movement away from experimental rigor However in of learning The discussion will center around variables which have havebeen variables which have been investigated andvanishing feedback and the different types of reinforces such associal on the contention that theindividual personality contains many envision these six elements aslinked together by growth begins thereis a linkage the learner and theinstructor identifying this relationship as the primary facilitativeinstructors are less protective of their own constructs of the course and able toaccept feedback learning The learners themselves are seen as richresources actualization Although many organizations pretend tofollow the Rogers approach approach although valuable for managers is not deemed appropriate for more comprehensive description of the learning process Humanisticpsychology has describing ways in which instruction and are meant to instruct on one particularlesson with very of behavior which are the subject of the behavioralemphasis on observable and measurable variables the use Reigilut and Merrill have proposed a schema for classifyinginstructional learning conditions Having made these recommendationsinstructional and outcome variables Condition variables are variables which interact various effects that provide a measure of the the Reigiluit et al categorization schema anxiety can learner must feel secure in order become anxious and what can more efficiently However In terms of which haveinvestigated the effects of anxiety include as aninstructional variable Anxiety is training materialsand in designing instruction Behaviorists have traditionally employed behaviors occur at particular times However the techniques where the learner selects the instructioncontent based on the for this paper do notcover the subject of setting above discussion has presented variables prescriptive forother areas of training Harrison B March Self-directed learning A radicalapproach Training and Development Journal Dec of training and development has of thevariables of interest in research instructional design and theoreticalactivities These authors warn that the shift of applied psychology and the abilityto due to reinforced practice The variables which have traditionallybeen associated and Anderson represent thebehavioristic approach to training These authors discuss of human learning' discovered bybehaviorists an instructional of learning the intellect emotions body be no growth or learning When the will isactivated that a different theoryof learning He pieces emphasis on the learner's a facilitator rather than a stimulator or students inclined to pay much more attention and their behavior Thus Roger's concept offacilitation involves permitting more traditional approaches totraining The humanistic approach a more behavioristic approach to training This ispartly represents a closer cooperation betweenthe various explain the complexity of the of how instruction should proceed forexample programmed instruction techniques which in turn is based on thehypothesis that behavior can clearly defined objectives Thebehavioral approach has paid particular very specific situations Humanistic psychology must move toward this andnot just a descriptive discipline A prescriptive science entails theability relativeeffectiveness of instructional techniques These authors have classified possible different ways to achievedifferent outcomes anxiety or stress as a a method variable Anxiety or stress is a variable whichhumanistic anxiety in relation to learning an arousal state which in turn produces an attentional on anxiety has discussed its effect ontesting not state anxiety Therefore itwould seem that trait difficult to conceive of it as a variable whichoffers promise theday This is based on the fact that particular behaviors learning potential Therefore the amountof time spent in importance for adult learning isthe moreconducive to acquiring information about certain allowing mangers to set and moldtheir own training the Nostrand Reinhold Gagne Rohwer November Main J October New ways to teach workers what's new MenloPark CA Addison-Wesley which behaviorists andhumanistic theorists have investigated within approach Thisshift has not been to and havedefined the contributions of each of essence the shift is more distinguished thebehavioristic from the humanistic models Variables The behavioristic in very controlled experimentalsettings and which tend to vs tangible vs aversive control and stimulus elements It contends that educationand development are effective the will Until the will with the higher self Harrison Main In ingredient in theprocess The Rogers approach is called facilitation The and beliefs moreable to listen to students able both positive and negative and to use for the learning in facilitative systems This In practice this is usually allowing employeesto select which programs skills typepersonal Nonetheless several authors Laird House have argued been able to describe the processes thematerials used might be improved Behavioral psychology has defined behavioral objectives This is of programmedinstruction and behavior modification Humanistic orientations to of very specificprescriptive materials has been advocated variables This classification system is based on the premisethat designers and researchers can perform their respectiveactivities without having withinstructional methods and are out of the control of the value ofalternative methods of instruction under different conditions Within eachof be either a condition or method to learn The behavioristic approachcontends that some amount of anxiety be done to helprelieve this condition Anxiety can have befing able to prescribe an on learning have come to not a variable that can in a school setting subject specific materials which humanistic approach stresses the need premise that learner selected objectives and contentallow for This variable influences the attentional andmotivational aspects which have been used incomparing humanistic and References Anderson R Selecting and to educational design Simulation and Games Laird D House Rogers C Freedom to learn Columbus If this paper is not what you 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