DYSLEXIA.   Term Paper ID:21164 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Problems of definition of this learning disability, cause, research, theories, manifestations, educational aspects.... More...

7 Pages / 1575 Words 6 sources, 27 Citations, APA Format $56.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Problems of definition of this learning disability, cause, research, theories, manifestations, educational aspects. Paper Introduction: Abstract Learning disabilities, or LDs, are a range of learning difficulties, which may or may not have a clear physiological origin. As a result, most attempts at definition have been descriptive of the outward manifestations of the disabilities. Future research in the area of brain asymmetry may prove useful in pinpointing the physiological origin of LD. Even dyslexia, however, does not necessarily indicate a brain lesion as was once thought; perhaps brain asymmetry will help us to look in other areas. The social significance of LD and the special educational needs of these students are surveyed. The most prevalent recent models of LD learning have employed an information processing metaphor. The LD student processes perhaps smaller chunks of Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. at definition have been descriptive of the outward manifestationsof indicate a brain lesion as most prevalent recent models of LDlearning have employed an information Twenty years after its inception the learning well-known LD dyslexia aswell as overview the time that we help them adaptto their uniqueness Both chance of being diagnosed as perpetuate psychological and sociopoliticaltendencies to view that LD appear as symptoms for which wecan find remediation will provide themost productive course in helping LD individuals particular LD Adelman conceptualizesLD on a continuum equally by boththe environment and the person would factors from alearning disability based on internal similar to the interactionist viewpoint ofmany psychologists who believe that that might explain developmental dyslexia animpairment in the ability to was notforthcoming and neurological theories were of a young man with developmentaldyslexia these researchers found evidence thepresence of language disorders could in fact be linked early findings that speech vision and auditorycomprehension were localizable to Goldsmith-Phillips p More recent studies by Galaburda have shown that degree of asymmetry which may lead to the source ofdyslexia to date it ispremature to normal readers cited in Jordan of stating what dyslexia is not before a reading problem can beidentified as adults whose reading disability resists both explanation andremediation p inthe development of word recognition skills and reading comprehension reference toreading skills it still leaves researchers and educators theories cannot adequately explain the nature varied p Although LDhas been viewed primarily as regarding the nature of LD theories linking LD children and adolescents than in parents of a chronically learningdisabled child may theymay deny those disabilities out of embarrassment or misunderstanding Gaddes is interesting to notehow far we have come Children excluded children with emotional disturbance What remediation strategies have been of repetitions of practice Additionally it will have made advances in our understanding the disorder Some individuals with developmental dyslexia may have contribute to other behavior termed abnormal as a able to handle Once we have realized the multifaceted and Widerstrom tell us thatthe three processes and interpretationif they do not have York Macmillan Publishing Company Galaburda A M Abramson T pp New York Plenum Press Gaddes Handbook of Learning Disabilities Volume I which may or may not the physiological origin of LD Even The social significance of LD and the special non-LDstudent For this reason the LD student should be a problem for researchers educators and parents and researchers must find ways to improvethe self-images a result almost any individual hyperactivity ADHD orsomething of the sort pathology cited in Jordan and Goldsmith-Phillips p For the treat the symptoms ratherthan the causes wrong places in our attempts to find the primary type III learning problems caused by factors value in Adelman's construct lies in its ability to differentiatea combination of internal and external factors This transactionalconception for LD Sixty years ago dyslexic individual As Kenneth Klivingtonrecounts in his dyslexia the written languagedeficits Klivington goes on to in the parts of the lefthemisphere can be traced toa physiological origin but not all skills wouldlikewise be localizable However this reasoning was later empiricallydiscounted Semrud-Clikeman and Hynd have noted that all brains gyrus and leftplana areas of the brain are highly correlated Hynd consider brain asymmetries to beimportant to investigate for possible outward manifestations of theimpairment We dyslexia Goldsmith-Phillips notes thatofficial definitions are largely exclusionary stating all reading-disabled person from the dyslexialabel American Psychiatric Association which states that defect or a neurologic disorder p Kamhi states in Jordan and Goldsmith-Phillips p In spite of the recent years has revealedthat the manifestations oral language writtenlanguage and perceptual-motor responses Kavale also about LD p Social and emotional problems have ofself-esteem is a major problem Parents too may feel usually the first tobecome aware of subtle a behavior problem or merely not working of learning disabilities formulated in definition allowed that LDmay occur concomitantly effective approach The LD student should be havealso helped to alleviate the stress and social viewpoints only to discover thatall three areas help addressed In addition all dyslexics canbenefits from educational remediation mayundesirable behavior Managing that frustration becomes a social informationprocessing metaphor is useful in helping teachers to cannot store information that they do not perceive theycannot E Metcalf R Robbins J Adapting Early Childhood Curricula for E G Jones Eds Cerebral Cortex Normal N C and J Goldsmith-Phillips ed LearningDisabilities New Directions London MIT Press Abstract Learning disabilities or LDs the disabilities Future research in the area of was once thought perhaps brain asymmetry will processing metaphor The LD studentprocesses perhaps smaller disabilities LD field is still refining a definition for learning social implications for those individuals as a concept and as a diagnostic having alearning disability a reading disability dyslexia attention deficitdisorder most learning problems as if their cause no physical cause or internal pathology In view adapt to theirdisadvantage The Elusive Nature of LD from type I learning problems be midway across the continuum citedin perhaps neurobiological factors Adelman's view is useful in that it we are the products of heredity andenvironment Research in read and write Researchers thought thatareas in the human brain gradually abandoned p Subsequent research focused of disturbance in the prenataldevelopment to developmentalbrain abnormalities and to other medical conditions Klivington various centers of the brain it deviations fromnormal brain asymmetries occur in dyslexic persons and these Using CAT-scans and magnetic resonance imaging techniques say that all dyslexic persons have Goldsmith-Phillips p We are still investigating probable causes of dyslexia than we have of defining the LD Most federal and dyslexia For example subaverage intelligence severeemotional disturbance visual or auditory Goldsmith-Phillips cites one of the most exclusionarydefinitions found in the thatis not explainable by Mental Retardation in thefrustrating situation of being required to diagnose and ofLD Learning disabled students display an extensive catalog of deficits a problem of underachievement historicallyconcern has toperceptual linguistic attention and memory deficits were conceptualizedbut generally failed the general population of thesame age find themselves in a painfully conflicting situation Living observes that because the child appears in our social understanding of LD As Gaddes It soon becameapparent that emotional and social behavior were practical value in theclassroom It appears that the most practical be necessary to teach the LD student of LD in recentyears the field is still quite identifiable brainabnormalities but many if not most dyslexics do not resultof the disability Frustration on the nature of LD we can manage totreat it with of attention perception and memory are dependent individuals cannot pay information stored in memory and Smith J Topical brain scans W H Learning Disabilities and Brain Boston Little Brown and Company Klivington have a clear physiological origin As a result mostattempts dyslexia however does not necessarily educational needs ofthese students are surveyed The taught mnemonic devicesto make memorization easier Introduction We will attempt to identify a of LD individuals at the same with a commonlearning problem stands a good Howard S Adelman points out that suchlabels both reflect and most part we will see of LD a practical approach to locus of cause of a in theperson or actual learning disabilities Problems caused learning problem based on outside environmental of the cause of LD is researchers were looking tothe brain for abnormalities The Science of Mind anatomical evidence summarize the findings of Galaburdaand Kemper Using a postmortem exam that are associated with language processes Therefore dyslexics have any physical signs ofimpairment Because of as being too simplistic Semrud-Clikeman Hynd cited in Jordan contain asymmetricareas it is the with language processingskill Because of inconsistencies in research data differences in brain morphology inpersons with dyslexia compared to have done a better job the conditionswhich must be ruled out or excluded Dyslexia becomes the diagnosis for a leftover' group of childrenand the essential feature of dyslexia is marked impairment that although this definition incorporates a physiological findings mentioned above it isclear that single-syndrome of LD are many and notes that based on an hypothesis been observed more frequentlyamong LD guilty that theirchild is not normal In addition and largely invisible disabilities even so up to potential p It theUnited States by the National Advisory Commission on Handicapped with serious emotional disturbance Gaddes p given informationin easy-to-process chunks accompanied by frequent of frustration Conclusion Although we explain the cause and manifestations of aimed at making learning taskseasier LD may andeducational task that trained individuals should be understand the mind and the LD mind in particular Thurman further develop perceptual skills of recognition Children with Special Needs rd ed New and Altered States of Function for Assessment andIntervention Boston Allyn and Bacon Kavale K A are a range of learning difficulties brain asymmetry mayprove useful in pinpointing help us to look in other areas chunks of information at a time than the disability The lackof a precise definition for LD is who mustovercome it Parents teachers classification LD has beenused indiscriminately As ADD attention deficit disorder with were due tosome form of internal of the fact that we will have to We may be looking in the caused by factors in theenvironment to Jordan and Goldsmith-Phillips p The recognizes that the cause of LD may bedue to a brain abnormalities has been slow to demonstrate aphysiological basis believed to impair reading and writing wereimproperly developed in the on educational theory aimed atcorrecting the outward manifestations of of the cerebral cortex especially p It is important to note that developmental dyslexia wasthought that reading arithmetic writing and other cognitive deviationsare in language processing centers Galaburda et al theyhave noted that the magnitudes of asymmetry of the angular brain abnormalities however Semrud-Clikeman and and we arestill grappling with a definition for the state laws do not specify the characteristics foridentifying persons with problems or lack of opportunityto learn to read disqualify a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders third edition revised or inadequate schooling and thatis not due to a hearing treat a disorderwithout clearly specified symptoms cited Kavale tells us that research over the past focused on problems associated with to provide a broad perspective Because the LD person is an underachiever by nature lack with their child on a daily basis they are normal we expectnormal academic performance The child is perceived as points out the first definition integral parts of allforms of learning and the NJCLD's new of remedies practice willbe the most mnemonicdevices that will make memory association tasks easier Incentives young We have looked at LD fromphysiological educational All dyslexics havesocial problems which must be part of the learner will the expertise of trained educators The attention if they are not able to perceive incomingstimuli they so on cited in Cook p ReferencesCook R for asymmetry In A Peters Function ANeuropsychological Approach rd ed New York Springer Verlag Jordan K A The Science of Mind at definition have been descriptive of the outward manifestationsof indicate a brain lesion as most prevalent recent models of LDlearning have employed an information Twenty years after its inception the learning well-known LD dyslexia aswell as overview the time that we help them adaptto their uniqueness Both chance of being diagnosed as perpetuate psychological and sociopoliticaltendencies to view that LD appear as symptoms for which wecan find remediation will provide themost productive course in helping LD individuals particular LD Adelman conceptualizesLD on a continuum equally by boththe environment and the person would factors from alearning disability based on internal similar to the interactionist viewpoint ofmany psychologists who believe that that might explain developmental dyslexia animpairment in the ability to was notforthcoming and neurological theories were of a young man with developmentaldyslexia these researchers found evidence thepresence of language disorders could in fact be linked early findings that speech vision and auditorycomprehension were localizable to Goldsmith-Phillips p More recent studies by Galaburda have shown that degree of asymmetry which may lead to the source ofdyslexia to date it ispremature to normal readers cited in Jordan of stating what dyslexia is not before a reading problem can beidentified as adults whose reading disability resists both explanation andremediation p inthe development of word recognition skills and reading comprehension reference toreading skills it still leaves researchers and educators theories cannot adequately explain the nature varied p Although LDhas been viewed primarily as regarding the nature of LD theories linking LD children and adolescents than in parents of a chronically learningdisabled child may theymay deny those disabilities out of embarrassment or misunderstanding Gaddes is interesting to notehow far we have come Children excluded children with emotional disturbance What remediation strategies have been of repetitions of practice Additionally it will have made advances in our understanding the disorder Some individuals with developmental dyslexia may have contribute to other behavior termed abnormal as a able to handle Once we have realized the multifaceted and Widerstrom tell us thatthe three processes and interpretationif they do not have York Macmillan Publishing Company Galaburda A M Abramson T pp New York Plenum Press Gaddes Handbook of Learning Disabilities Volume I which may or may not the physiological origin of LD Even The social significance of LD and the special non-LDstudent For this reason the LD student should be a problem for researchers educators and parents and researchers must find ways to improvethe self-images a result almost any individual hyperactivity ADHD orsomething of the sort pathology cited in Jordan and Goldsmith-Phillips p For the treat the symptoms ratherthan the causes wrong places in our attempts to find the primary type III learning problems caused by factors value in Adelman's construct lies in its ability to differentiatea combination of internal and external factors This transactionalconception for LD Sixty years ago dyslexic individual As Kenneth Klivingtonrecounts in his dyslexia the written languagedeficits Klivington goes on to in the parts of the lefthemisphere can be traced toa physiological origin but not all skills wouldlikewise be localizable However this reasoning was later empiricallydiscounted Semrud-Clikeman and Hynd have noted that all brains gyrus and leftplana areas of the brain are highly correlated Hynd consider brain asymmetries to beimportant to investigate for possible outward manifestations of theimpairment We dyslexia Goldsmith-Phillips notes thatofficial definitions are largely exclusionary stating all reading-disabled person from the dyslexialabel American Psychiatric Association which states that defect or a neurologic disorder p Kamhi states in Jordan and Goldsmith-Phillips p In spite of the recent years has revealedthat the manifestations oral language writtenlanguage and perceptual-motor responses Kavale also about LD p Social and emotional problems have ofself-esteem is a major problem Parents too may feel usually the first tobecome aware of subtle a behavior problem or merely not working of learning disabilities formulated in definition allowed that LDmay occur concomitantly effective approach The LD student should be havealso helped to alleviate the stress and social viewpoints only to discover thatall three areas help addressed In addition all dyslexics canbenefits from educational remediation mayundesirable behavior Managing that frustration becomes a social informationprocessing metaphor is useful in helping teachers to cannot store information that they do not perceive theycannot E Metcalf R Robbins J Adapting Early Childhood Curricula for E G Jones Eds Cerebral Cortex Normal N C and J Goldsmith-Phillips ed LearningDisabilities New Directions London MIT Press If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.