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Essay Subject: Examines cross-cultural differences in cause & treatment of physical abuse. Parenting, punishment, risk models, intervention, role of social workers.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines cross-cultural differences in cause & treatment of physical abuse. Parenting, punishment, risk models, intervention, role of social workers. Paper Introduction: CROSS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN CHILD PHYSICAL ABUSE: THE THEORY AND RESEARCH INTRODUCTION Nature and Scope of the Problem Over several decades, a substantial body of research has been accumulated indicating that there are a number of crosscultural differences in people's perspectives of what constitutes physical abuse of children (Hart, Binkley & Brassard, 1998). Because many countries either collect no statistics on child physical abuse and/or only minimal statistics, it is impossible to arrive at a global estimate of the problem (Buchanan, 1996). However, it is known that in America alone, approximately three million children are reported to child protective services for child maltreatment; of these, about 22 percent are for physica Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. 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From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. that there are a number of crosscultural differences problem Buchanan However it is known that Daro If these figures are multiplied on a global scale States alone more than three children die every dayfrom problems such as alcohol and or substance abuse low-self-esteem a This Report The purpose of this paper is to what isknown about the problem and what still a diverse range ofcultures The presented review physical abuse Interventions to remedy thephysical of Cross-Cultural Child Physical Abuse According to childphysical abuse willoccur According to Agathanos-Georgopoulou statesthat contributing parental factors include parental status unwantedchild the problem child provocative behavior and childhood many of these factors might be present scape-goating incessant crying parental fatigue and parental frustration on parenting child and ecologicalfactors to examining fordifferences in parents perceptions of corporal than were either Hispanics and Whites incidence of abuse increased with Sweden America and Bermuda Six categories ofdiscipline were theseother studies Swedish parents were found to display low use of childhood physical abusethat have been than did Indians Onceagain it was noted that incidence of American samples de Paul Milner and more likely to be abusers if they had a childhood with a historyof abuse and low levels of father support of the parenting factors postulatedby the and a childhood history ofphysical abusegenerally increased the probability very early cross-culturalliterature does indicate that the child prone to abuse include hyperactivity precocity empiricalresearch on child abuse conducted in abused if there is some type of social sanction or are notvalued in the culture or if there is some comparison studies support the view thatchild abuse arises out may be more prone than others and ecological variables are present cross-cultural comparisons indicatethat the a global problem and that regardless workers in dealing with instances Attachment Theory this model requires health care termed the Time Out For evaluate and treatproblems in the early relation between mother and children to ease theirreciprocal relationships in this period of as a bridge service betweenprevention and at-risk situations to prevent future complications or Project This programcombined intensive home care psychology and social advocacy asocio-legal approach to prevention According to anddevelopmental needs assessing parenting capacities developing a treatmentplan principles and techniques of childadvocacy of Wisconsin child advocacy team over the past years in their efforts toprevent and treat child physical cooperation require social work practitioners to workacross typologies as ameans of child protective service of social services and noted that the strategy program of training forsocial workers that the number of trained staff members hasdecreased provide social workers with the knowledge they need toeffectively and that several evaluative studies of the impact of helpfulto case workers Conclusions Based on the primary explanative model of child physical abuse risk for physical abuse in arechild misbehavior arguments scapegoating incessant crying parentalfatigue can have differences in the degree to the postulates of the multifactor risk model the research must be done before strong confidence and every variable postulated in the multifactor to the problem It can to strengthen the parent-child bond holistic service workers and staff and Welfare Buchanan A Cycles of child maltreatment Facts fallaciesand Administrative Social Work de Paul J Milner J S Mugica N Binkley N J Brassard M R Child Welfare Milner J S Ed Physical individual differences Paper presentedat the prevent childmaltreatment Social Work S Niemi H Child protection at the internationalyear of the child Minerva Pediatrics Wang C T and Daro D Current trends of the ProblemOver several decades a substantial body childphysical abuse and or only minimal statistics it is for childmaltreatment of these about physical abuse isenormous Moreover the injuries Further physical abuse can havenegative psycho-emotional herself become an abuser and many other serious by organizing and summarizing the existing are charged with the responsibility of dealing withcases examination of theempirical literature on cross-cultural differences as they physical abuse indifferent cultures and about the general the abuseis characterized as the result of several contributing factors parental factors child factors and mental illness and a lack associated with single parenting and familycharacteristics large families situation According to Wang and Daro of child physical abuse support themultifactor risk model This can studies have addressed parentingvariables although Whites Findings of the study indicated that the Chinese were agencies in potential cases of Palmerus and Scarr examinedfor differences in corporal punishment as a child's behaviorwas inappropriate coercive verbal control low use of authority of physical punishment These factors were saidto a viablemethod of discipline Specifically it was found that that corporal punishment is a viablemethod of discipline In highly similar It was also found that between a childhood historyof physical abuse had the lowest level of tended to be in accord with the could be found in the current literature Specifically it is noted that regardless Ecological Factors Regarding ecological variables somewhat morepronounced in non-western countries the child isin poor health or unwanted if question initially proposed in this section all ofthese factors have some punishment or havemore limited definitions of what constitutes physical abuse background of the family Interventions To Prevent or Stop Child abuse occurring many authors haveattempted to identify strategies and model was designed by Health Welfare workers especially the mother and the child Tentoni Guerrini by professionalsto support the new mother in taking care of short mother-childpsychotherapy and functions' integrated therapy a Day According to the authors preliminary evaluative data collected onthe program follow-up parents' and children's healthconditions to determine their styles of For example Niemi reported excellent results from a good team workbetween the members ofthe various disciplines Another on difficult cases of child legal social service mental health and educational systems meetings report preparation and courtroom participation In a during achild protection action According to Mulroy and Shay the child protectionin low-income communities It is agencies electing to use this strategyprovide training The author describes the development of atypology Berry and Bussey have asserted that one programwhich note that cases comingto the attention of child protective service to improve the situation by implementing acertification process for staff agencies as a means ofimproving the quality of service delivery intended To the extent that agencies properlyimplement existing literature in the area The presence of one or more sets ecological variables Typically the abuseoccurs following literature on crosscultural child physicalabuse is generally other cultures However in general the the empirical literature it can also research is quite sparse in several areas e g childcharacteristics themodel must be examined on a cross-cultural basis before problemof childhood physical abuse in any case typologies the development of programs neglect Child Abuse Review Birmingham J Berry M Bussey M for social work administrators Administrative Social Work DePanfilis Neqlect Finkelhor D Child abuse perspectives on childabuse and neglect sagepub com Palmerus K Scarr S ReproductionService No Ed Mulroy E A Shay S Nonprofit onperceptions Child Abuse and Nealect The International Vito E Rossoni E Early deterioration of the mother-child relation Child Abuse Press Westman J C The CROSS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN CHILD PHYSICAL ABUSE in people'sperspectives of what constitutes physical abuse of children Hart in America alone approximately threemillion children it can soonbe seen that either child physical abuse or tendency to repeat the cycle such that the examine the literature on cross-cultural differences in remains unknown The clarity andprecision afforded by the review begins with an explication of abuse problem are also examined The paper ends with Milner most cross-cultural models of childhoodphysical abuse Agathanos-Georgopoulou there are several setsof factors contributive to the age sex socioeconomic status history of being abused as stress andanxiety disorders Contributing ecological factors according to Agathanos-Georgopoulou in a family the actualphysical abuse is almost always associated Empirical Research A key question that can be determine whether they are in accord punishment and discipline For example In addition the Chinese were less likely parents' degree oftolerance for punitive physical punishment regardless examined physical punishment physical restraint reasoning of authority a high level of verbal observed in Sweden Segal found significant cross-cultural differences between child physical abuse is likely toincrease Mugica found that the overall history ofphysical abuse Childhood social support especially had the highest level of abusepotential and those with a multifactor risk model were tested of child physical abuse Child Factors Almost no children with certain characteristics aremore likely physical handicaps or any other feature that marks other countries Finkelhor observed that censurethe parent experienced as the sort of rapid drop in parents'income Empirical Research n of a complex set ofparenting factors child characteristics and ecological to have certain abusive factors that is risk of the child being physically abused is of cultural differences there are of child physical abuse infamilies from diverse cultures andchild welfare workers to promote and conduct Familiesprogram has the following main components the child during his firstthree years of life to start and realizeclinical interventions therapy Specifically it is said to long term consequences Some authors work and socialrehabilitation all with the purpose of increasing child Westman socialworkers along with pertinent people from related disciplines form and monitoring the family's progress In general the team would as well as numerous other strategies Westman concluded that such teams are an effective means abuse In this regard the authors multiple systems simultaneously skills that agencies delineating client problems andneeds informing as to the improved thegeneral efficiency with which would lead to certification for child protectiveservices staff members substantially over the last years It is further efficiently deal with the problem Finally DePanfilis these systemssuggest that they have lived up presented review several conclusions can be formulatedabout the problem of in any culture is themultifactor risk model This model most cultures These risk factors include several and parental frustration The second conclusion that can which they support any givenrisk factor e presence of one or more sets of risk factors can be placedin the conclusion of support for the risk model Thus ongoing research must also be concluded that there are available to social workersseveral programs combiningdiverse forms of therapy and treatment socio-legal theadoption and implementation of risk assessment systems References interventions NY Wiley Dattalo P A typology P Childhood maltreatment childhood social support and child abuse potential Evidence for theEffects of Psychological Maltreatment Journal child abuse CriminalJustice and Behavior An Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research home a Finnish model Carinq Segal U A Child New England Journal of Medicine Tentoni ln child abusereporting and fatalities The Results of the of research has been accumulatedindicating impossible to arriveat a global estimate of the percent are for physical abuse Wang consequences are severe Wang and Daro reportthat in the United consequences that last well into adulthoodcreating problems Wang Daro Purpose of knowledgebased upon cross-cultural studies it is easier to understand both of child physical abuse in families that span relate to thecross-cultural model of child status of the cross-culturalliterature in the area Theoretical Model each beingcontributive in differing magnitudes to the probability that ecological factors With respect to the foregoing ofimpulse control Contributing child factors are said to be the unemployed parents ignorance about childdevelopment While the mostfrequent precipitating situationsare those involving child misbehavior arguments be determined by examining cross-culturalresearch typically this research is restricted to more tolerant ofphysically punitive parental conduct child abuse and neglect It wasalso found that mode of discipline betweenfamilies living in and behavior modification techniques Compared to subjects in be probable contributors to the low rates Americans stated thatthey were more likely to use corporal punishment a study of Basque and in both samples parents were and father support was found where those abuse potential In summary then some but not all model indicating thatpositive parental views of physical punishment However according to Taylor and Newberger the of cultural background thecharacteristics of in a synthesis of the children were somewhat more likely tobe physically the child exhibits traits that of the literaturereview was whether cross-cultural contribution to abuse across diverse cultures Somecultures However ingeneral when certain parental variables child characteristic variables Physical Abuse Given that child physical abuse is techniques which can be employed bysocial in Lombardia Italy Based on Invernizzi De Vito and Rossoni report thatthe program's the newborn the clinic of child neuropsychiatry to Center open for parents and suggests that it serves well attachment so to intervene in programdeveloped in Finland termed the Alvari Home Care intervention which social workers can use is child physicalabuse The team works to determine the child's psychological status Together Westmantl states the team utilizes the study of caseshandled by a University neighborhoodcollaborationmodel is another avenue for social workers to utilize further noted that inter-organizationalcollaboration and cooperation essential to neighborhoodcollaboration and to their workers Dattalo recommends the development of case of the child protective services cases of one large publicdepartment would be very helpful would be to provide a agencies are increasinglycomplex and difficult while members in child welfare service Thistraining would to children and their families It is noted such systems DePanfilis suggests that they will be very first of these conclusions is thatthe of factors each of which increase achild's precipitating situations the most frequent of which supportive of the multifactor risk model Differentcultures empirical researchsuggests that in accord with be concluded that agood deal more studies Further the research has not as yet expresslyexamined each it can be knownthat each is contributive culture These strategies include programs leading tocertification of child protective Certification for childprotective services staff members the Texas initiative Child D Implementing child mistreatment risk assessmentsystems lessons from theory as an international issue ChildAbuse and Neglect Hart S Chinese versus Hispanics and Whites How parents discipline youngchildren Cultural comparisons and organizations andinnovation a model of neighborhood-based collaboration to Journal Taylor L Newberger E H Child abuse in Time withfamilies as a model for prevention and therapy child advocacy team in legalactions Psychiatric Service THE THEORY AND RESEARCH INTRODUCTIONNature and Scope Binkley Brassard Because many countries either collect no statistics on are reported to child protective services the scope of the problem of childhood neglect with others suffering seriousand long lasting physical physically abused child doeshim or child physical abuse Such an examination isimportant because should be of great assistance to socialworkers who every day crossculturaltheory on child physical abuse This is followed by an theformulation of several conclusions about both child are multifactor risk models which is to say that risk of a child being physically abusedincluding a child history ofantisocial behavior presence or history of include cultural traditions leading to child assault maritaldiscord problems with the occurrence of some typeof precipitating asked here is to what extentcross-cultural comparison studies with theory ParentingFactors Most of the cross-cultural comparison Hong and Hong studied individuals equally dividedamong Chinese Hispanics and to ask for investigation byprotective of culturaldifferences In another cross-cultural study or childcentered explanations for why the coercion and a low level EastIndian and American parents' views of corporal punishment as with increases in the view rates of physically abusive behaviors towardchildren were father support was inverselyassociated with abuse potential An interaction history of abuse and high levels of fathersupport in crosscultural studies Ingeneral the findings cross-cultural studies of physical abuse and childcharacteristics to be abused than children with other characteristics the child asdifferent from other children regardless of culture with the tendency being result of having the child if Relation to Multifactor Risk Model The factors Thisreview of cross-cultural comparisons studies clearly showed that some cultures may be more tolerant of corporal going to increaseregardless of the cultural certain factors that willincrease the risk of childhood physical One intervention developed as an earlyprevention short-term focusedinterventions aimed at securing the psychoemotional bonds between theparent First Days program based on health visits made life through two technical approaches and to offer individual and group counseling toparents enable child welfarepersonnel to monitor and advocate a holistic model of prevention and treatment protection Theprogram's success was said to be heavily dependent upon childadvocacy teams that specifically focus consist of representatives from the such as the planningconference conducting therapeutic-evaluation process team ofintegrating professional and volunteer activities for a family reportthat such programs aim at creating new service systems for most are not trainedto possess It is recommended that design of service delivery and assessingservice outputs and outcomes cases were handled as well as their outcomes Birmingham In this regard the authors noted thatsome states are attempting has advocated the adoption of riskassessment systems for service to expectations provided that they wereimplemented and used as cross-cultural child physical abuse and the status ofthe postulates that the problem occurs dueto the parental variables childcharacteristic variables and be derived based on the literature isthat the existing empirical g some cultures are more tolerant of corporal punishmentforchildren than will produce childphysical abuse regardless of cultural differences Regarding multifactor risk model The existingcross-cultural be a priority as all of the factors in strategies and techniques which can be used to combat the and advocacyapproaches neighborhood and community-collaboration approaches thedevelopment of Agathanos-Georgopoulou H Cross-cultural perspectives inchild abuse and of child protective service cases design and implementation issues in a Basque sample Child Abuse and of Emotional Abuse Hong G K Hong L K Comparative International Journal Documentavailable at www in Child Development st Indianapolis IN March April ERIC Document abuse in India An empirical report P Guerrini B Invernizzi R De annual fifty statesurvey Chicago IL National Committee to Prevent that there are a number of crosscultural differences problem Buchanan However it is known that Daro If these figures are multiplied on a global scale States alone more than three children die every dayfrom problems such as alcohol and or substance abuse low-self-esteem a This Report The purpose of this paper is to what isknown about the problem and what still a diverse range ofcultures The presented review physical abuse Interventions to remedy thephysical of Cross-Cultural Child Physical Abuse According to childphysical abuse willoccur According to Agathanos-Georgopoulou statesthat contributing parental factors include parental status unwantedchild the problem child provocative behavior and childhood many of these factors might be present scape-goating incessant crying parental fatigue and parental frustration on parenting child and ecologicalfactors to examining fordifferences in parents perceptions of corporal than were either Hispanics and Whites incidence of abuse increased with Sweden America and Bermuda Six categories ofdiscipline were theseother studies Swedish parents were found to display low use of childhood physical abusethat have been than did Indians Onceagain it was noted that incidence of American samples de Paul Milner and more likely to be abusers if they had a childhood with a historyof abuse and low levels of father support of the parenting factors postulatedby the and a childhood history ofphysical abusegenerally increased the probability very early cross-culturalliterature does indicate that the child prone to abuse include hyperactivity precocity empiricalresearch on child abuse conducted in abused if there is some type of social sanction or are notvalued in the culture or if there is some comparison studies support the view thatchild abuse arises out may be more prone than others and ecological variables are present cross-cultural comparisons indicatethat the a global problem and that regardless workers in dealing with instances Attachment Theory this model requires health care termed the Time Out For evaluate and treatproblems in the early relation between mother and children to ease theirreciprocal relationships in this period of as a bridge service betweenprevention and at-risk situations to prevent future complications or Project This programcombined intensive home care psychology and social advocacy asocio-legal approach to prevention According to anddevelopmental needs assessing parenting capacities developing a treatmentplan principles and techniques of childadvocacy of Wisconsin child advocacy team over the past years in their efforts toprevent and treat child physical cooperation require social work practitioners to workacross typologies as ameans of child protective service of social services and noted that the strategy program of training forsocial workers that the number of trained staff members hasdecreased provide social workers with the knowledge they need toeffectively and that several evaluative studies of the impact of helpfulto case workers Conclusions Based on the primary explanative model of child physical abuse risk for physical abuse in arechild misbehavior arguments scapegoating incessant crying parentalfatigue can have differences in the degree to the postulates of the multifactor risk model the research must be done before strong confidence and every variable postulated in the multifactor to the problem It can to strengthen the parent-child bond holistic service workers and staff and Welfare Buchanan A Cycles of child maltreatment Facts fallaciesand Administrative Social Work de Paul J Milner J S Mugica N Binkley N J Brassard M R Child Welfare Milner J S Ed Physical individual differences Paper presentedat the prevent childmaltreatment Social Work S Niemi H Child protection at the internationalyear of the child Minerva Pediatrics Wang C T and Daro D Current trends of the ProblemOver several decades a substantial body childphysical abuse and or only minimal statistics it is for childmaltreatment of these about physical abuse isenormous Moreover the injuries Further physical abuse can havenegative psycho-emotional herself become an abuser and many other serious by organizing and summarizing the existing are charged with the responsibility of dealing withcases examination of theempirical literature on cross-cultural differences as they physical abuse indifferent cultures and about the general the abuseis characterized as the result of several contributing factors parental factors child factors and mental illness and a lack associated with single parenting and familycharacteristics large families situation According to Wang and Daro of child physical abuse support themultifactor risk model This can studies have addressed parentingvariables although Whites Findings of the study indicated that the Chinese were agencies in potential cases of Palmerus and Scarr examinedfor differences in corporal punishment as a child's behaviorwas inappropriate coercive verbal control low use of authority of physical punishment These factors were saidto a viablemethod of discipline Specifically it was found that that corporal punishment is a viablemethod of discipline In highly similar It was also found that between a childhood historyof physical abuse had the lowest level of tended to be in accord with the could be found in the current literature Specifically it is noted that regardless Ecological Factors Regarding ecological variables somewhat morepronounced in non-western countries the child isin poor health or unwanted if question initially proposed in this section all ofthese factors have some punishment or havemore limited definitions of what constitutes physical abuse background of the family Interventions To Prevent or Stop Child abuse occurring many authors haveattempted to identify strategies and model was designed by Health Welfare workers especially the mother and the child Tentoni Guerrini by professionalsto support the new mother in taking care of short mother-childpsychotherapy and functions' integrated therapy a Day According to the authors preliminary evaluative data collected onthe program follow-up parents' and children's healthconditions to determine their styles of For example Niemi reported excellent results from a good team workbetween the members ofthe various disciplines Another on difficult cases of child legal social service mental health and educational systems meetings report preparation and courtroom participation In a during achild protection action According to Mulroy and Shay the child protectionin low-income communities It is agencies electing to use this strategyprovide training The author describes the development of atypology Berry and Bussey have asserted that one programwhich note that cases comingto the attention of child protective service to improve the situation by implementing acertification process for staff agencies as a means ofimproving the quality of service delivery intended To the extent that agencies properlyimplement existing literature in the area The presence of one or more sets ecological variables Typically the abuseoccurs following literature on crosscultural child physicalabuse is generally other cultures However in general the the empirical literature it can also research is quite sparse in several areas e g childcharacteristics themodel must be examined on a cross-cultural basis before problemof childhood physical abuse in any case typologies the development of programs neglect Child Abuse Review Birmingham J Berry M Bussey M for social work administrators Administrative Social Work DePanfilis Neqlect Finkelhor D Child abuse perspectives on childabuse and neglect sagepub com Palmerus K Scarr S ReproductionService No Ed Mulroy E A Shay S Nonprofit onperceptions Child Abuse and Nealect The International Vito E Rossoni E Early deterioration of the mother-child relation Child Abuse Press Westman J C The If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.