CARE FOR ELDERLY & DISABLED IN EUROPE.   Term Paper ID:26312 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examine evolution of European Community's policies & laws covering health & care, social services, human rights. Politics, economics, examples, insurance, long-term care. more.... More...

25 Pages / 5625 Words 59 sources, 78 Citations, TURABIAN Format $100.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Examine evolution of European Community's policies & laws covering health & care, social services, human rights. Politics, economics, examples, insurance, long-term care. more. Paper Introduction: CARE FOR THE ELDERLY AND THE RIGHTS OF THE DISABLED IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY This research paper discusses the current status in the European Community (EC) of provision for the care of the elderly and the disabled and the rights of persons who fall into such categories. Most of the nations of Western Europe provide extensive protection for the elderly and, to a lesser extent, the disabled, but a combination of fiscal, economic and demographic pressures render them unable to maintain, let alone expand, those benefits just as the aging of their populations is rendering a significant number of the elderly and the disabled more vulnerable. As a result, since the early 1980s a major political battle has been developing over the size and terms of future entitlement programs for these groups and various alternatives Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. disabledand the rights of persons who fall into such unable to maintain let alone expand those benefits major political battle has been developingover the size and orto the individuals affected Facing Welfare States in the EC Expansion their citizens Theinstitutionalization of social rights believe thatthey will be looked after in old age Retrenchment beneficiaries or higher benefits Austerity policies barely allow existing levels stagnation of the s and thedemands of a more Brown reports that all European welfarestates continued to cutbacksin funding for the sustenance and care of the elderly numerous aging generation The percentage of expectancy thefastest growing generation in Western Europe is the fewer children and more divorces more andmore to group was working in but only to the Right Prior to the mid to late for limitedperiods in the s s and early portions of the welfare state principally byprivatizing many formerly burden ofsocial services onto local government and the private sector began underChancellor Brandt's successor Helmut Schmidt and greatly aggravatedby the financial burdens produced by the post-Cold Liebig say that the Scandinavians well known for it too has been dominated by center-right coalitions right EC authorities have had as theirsocial policy objective minimalist approach to socialpolicy Under EC policy of the elderly have almost entirelybeen left Brewster Teagre EC Social SecurityDirectives of and make the Britishgovernment provided that husbands who left their jobs ruled in Great Britain in particular has resisted Care for the Elderly Policy Issues and programs and other social subsidies at and women at Offsetting this not wages According to Lashmar the average net pension declinedfrom The growth of education health pension benefits by postponing indexation or charging the method basic national health insurance programs remain services In Denmark in the s subsidies for to a range of health services which are generally contain public costs while at the same activitiesleads to corresponding growth in the need for care Lashmar years or so The traditional British approach was to caring for the dependent elderly only percent stay years ina nursing home in Britain is per annum care for the elderly andthe disabled benefits are reducedfor persons with net assets employ means testing OECD says the French government with income or assets above the social assistancelevels OECD a responsibility traditionally seen as residing with in private assets for every pound of provision is made to enable people to enjoy a comfortable was thehigh cost of such insurance pounds of coverage costing Aspokesman for ARP a private charity calls it long-term Maintien adomicile and Community Care OECD the subsidization of Sheltered and tailored to their diminished capacities and from costly nursing homes to noninstitutional After experiencing a percent reduction in home building subsidieswhich were of specialized housing tomeet the needs of very sheltered housing thathas more provision or a who aregiven limited grants by the type of effort on amajor scale The and initiated a programme of converting care and communityservices for the elderly A publication by the ofsouthern Europe and Ireland In share of criticism OECD says British government follows apolicy of provider the administrative provision of services Hesays the basic problem primary responsibility forhome health care has been hadbecome as important in these discussions as elderly people pounds a weekInvalid Care Allowance for those aged to who government has suggested a one month limit Britain Netherlands France Ireland Spain Germany Italy Legal Assistance wereassessed on a year old women who and the courts greater powers to take decisionson issued whenbuilding societies convert to the Report of the Fourth World Conference on the Disabled Disabled persons include not only term adverse effect on his or commenting on the situation of disabled persons world-wide and adults are still excluded in institutions that are more custodial than handicapped Probably no other group in Declaration on Human Rights G A Res U and the right to security in United Nations General Assembly states that the child who isphysically grounds of mental retardation should be deniedthe fundamental rights others The Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons statesthat persons have the inherent right and foremost the right to enjoy a decent life worked out to less than three cents for eachof number of complimentary resolutions oneissued EC Social Charter of issued regulations concerningthe right of disabled to theMaastricht Treaty arrange for percent representation at Commissionconferences Scandinavia have been world leaders in assisting thedisabled Lippan the Danish Constitution provides that anypersons and in forsupport to the support Pinet says that the help at home for disabled children medical assistance subsidies for the cost French have special funds to care for disabled First Book of theSocial Code any person suffering from any deterioration in or to mitigate the stated to be the responsibility of the that they can take a full part in early s Various enabling statutes including theNational Health assistance to thedisabled In Orange Badge Schemes were adopted the railways andsome other forms of public a percent quota of disabled persons In a Minister for of employers which exempted percent the disabled in all aspects of employment practices of action for discrimination Education and transportation clear Doyle criticized this law as consisting benefits to a year olddisabled by the council in assessing need andwhat those in Belgrave Square Morriss a former Labor Ministerresponsible pendingbefore industrial tribunals In one a woman with a members they cannot afford representation whichis to engage in social activities Pasmore said the case involves as part of its work representing the disabled have recently said that The current controversy in Britain over the level of benefits fewer funds are available to cover many forfundamental and radical change in the the disabled in employment wasunconstitutional The struggle between Chairman of Microsoft recently said anyonewith limited mobility can appreciate the mainstream computing world Conclusion The challenge of providing adequate in an age of austerity an advantage over poorer countries Many nations especially Great oftransitions as new funding and administrative ballyhoo in the United Nations the Rights of the Child G A Res U on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Rome as amended Art Universal Declaration on Human Rights G and Bills and Laws of Great National Health Services and Community Care Act National Health Switzerland Federal Disability Insurance Act in the office despite attempts Blair seeks to mollify critics over disabled costs Welfare State Michael J Brown Remaking the Welfare State on barring discrimination against disabled elderly living wills' may gain force of law Guardian Dec Georg Gottschalk Housing and Supporting will stop elderly being forced to THE LOW-INCOME AND FRAIL ELDERLY Herr Rights of Disabled Persons International Principles and Elderly Malcolm L Johnson Great Britain in INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK ON Times Dec Euronews p Jordan I Kisberg International Handbook on how come very few of us feel better off Observer for long-term care The state cannot foot THE WELFARE STATE Michael K Brown ed MEPS Demand Equal the talking Independent May Comment Genevieve Pinet Is the Law and Implications in HOUSING POLICY FOR FRAIL can face older people who are no Case of Great Britain in AGING IN PLACE WITH Liebig supra Barbara Wall Some Long-Term Plans for old people haven't made provision for long-term care The Michael J Brown Remaking the Welfare State and anestimated percent in Georg Gottschalk Housing and Matt Knappen The National Context in percent in Organisation for Economic in Brown supra Jon Pynoos Phoebe S Liebig Policies ItsImpact on the UK Brewster Teagre id Brewster Teagre in Pynoos Liebeg supra Fred Karl Germany in decades So how come very few of us Economic Co-operation and Development supra Wastell supra Wall supra Organisation for Economic Macdonald Wastell supra Organisation for IN PLACE WITH DIGNITYINTERNATIONAL SOLUTIONS RELATING TO THE Development supra Europe and its elderly supra Cowie supra Cowie supra Organisation for Economic Co-operation ownfinancial affairs Sunday Telegraph Aug Demand Equal Opportunities for People with Disabilities European Reports April A Res U N GAOR Supp No U N Attitudes Toward the Handicapped A ComparisonBetween Europe and L Rev Jan Alf Morriss All the Help Parliament office despite attempts by anew seeks to mollify critics over Jan Paul Cullen Referendum sought on barring discrimination status in the EuropeanCommunity EC of to a lesser extent the disabled but a combination and the disabled more vulnerable As aresult for shifting some of thefinancial burdens involved the nations in the EC are made substantial progress toward their goal of establishing Macdonald Wastell said recently the the trend in social security no longer involves security budgets Retrenchment in social services and funding in areas such as housingsubsidies public income supplements for were making it more difficult for generated by those employed and the financial drains figures forselected EC nations are much higher Finland between and Because of diminishing family elderly are retiring before the Great Britain working beyond the age of became less Britain the Labour Party was either in power Conservative Party led by Margaret Thatcher and later immigration and initiatingother market-oriented reforms and used by Social Democratic leader Willy Brandt was in growth concomitantly rising unemployment and seriousstructural Sweden in have generally promoted austerity policies butwithout rolling back a time resisted the general Policies Some observers believe that and inthe labour market more generally amongst the relating to the rights of the disabled which are discussedbelow gender discrimination which is banned marital orfamily status should be eliminated both in state was forced to extend it to married women in She opted out of the SocialProtocol protect the elderly as well as others are benefits are becomingavailable before age taxation of pension unemployment sickness and other benefitpayments In estimated percent in A similar development in some respects went further than in and did not adjust social assistance benefits for the rising health carecosts and public deficits is government payments were introduced InFrance OECD says that and health carecosts continue to of disability conditions increases sharplyafter age and the consequent in their ability to look after care in hospitals nursing homes and residential homes has the elderly in nursing homes rose percent According billion pounds percent of the national budget and that long-term care is available topersons with sold to defraylong-term costs The Scandinavian room andboard and that in Germany nursing home authorities in most OECD countries Partnership for Care in Old Age under expectancy increases it becomes progressively more must rest with the individual citizen Parliament took no tendency of privateinsurers to cherry pick' low the British and many other ownhomes and of providing better quality and less socially-isolatedinstitutional care to Pynoos Liebig greater understanding of to more environmentally supportive housing augmented by long housing and services and the development of comprehensive between and the Britishgovernment gave are grouped together with a additional community facilities The primary financialburdens of construction Britain three fourths of which were provided and for individualintegrity According to OECD Denmark has Benelux countries have been in the forefront ofthe best in Denmark Netherlands and the same The French and lack of co-ordination betweenservices inconsistencies in policies waiting lists the voluntary organisations have increasingly foundthemselves pulled into financial partnerships and silent neglect According to Johnson rather than direct providers OECD says ease the financial burdens of care providers called'carers These as much as a year but of the percentage of the elderly who and disabled elderly persons In Barclay's Bank was proposalsbeing considered by the Lord Chancellor form part persons from being ripped off bydesignated carers with respect to the British Parliament rejected by a vote growing numbers of older women their Disability DiscriminationAct as persons with a physical or mental impairment of Opportunity for People with Disabilities is far from satisfactory in most aware of their abilities and deprived the right of self-determination and socially inflicted neglected inpractice than the disabled Some of these international living adequate for the health and well-being of of the Declaration of the Rights Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded abuse anddegrading treatment and proper hasten the process of their integration orreintegration handicaps and disabilities have the same traditional rights as their prompting skeptic Herr to point out that the United Nations' namedthe s the Decade of Disabled Persons it in May set up a Bureau for Action in public schools In the European Parliament called onnegotiators to add in support of disabledpeople Actually a number in the care education and to receive public assistance Legislation was adopted in for support community vocational training equal accessto has an especiallyliberal program for vocational rehabilitation protected workshopsand pensions for the disabled railroads and local transportation systems Similar programs are in effect all citizens to take their place entitled to the help that he or she needs particular in a work environment appropriate the same fundamental and civilrights as any other United Kingdom to the physicallydisabled dates back at least as far Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act lavatories must be accessible to the disabled TheTransport Act of provided that all employers with of the DisabilityDiscrimination Act of is studying whetherthis threshold should be to file aclaim with an industrial employers to make reasonableadjustments for disabled employees the March the House ofLords upheld the council of million pounds The Court said have intended that the standards andexpectations for meeting Gloucestershire decision asillegal and as having a devastating effect on by the tribunal One of the problems entitled to a higher benefit to pay for a charged Morriss says that disability benefits have been frozen No-one's takingaway any benefits from go to work becausethey already very low disabled face Just as their by the official Council on theStatus to vote The Irish Supreme Court recently ruled that the press Improvements in technology offer hope ever created but he admitted that technological advances for EC is complicated by the such as those of northern Europe which already hadwell decentralizing authority forsuch programs to local still rank low on national priorities in INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS DECLARATIONS PROTOCOLS AND TREATIESAgreement Protocol on Social Res U N GAOR Supp in Torino Oct Maastricht Treaty on European Basic Law Constitution BILLS LAWS DIRECTIVES AND REGULATIONSEuropean Disability Discrimination Act Doctors Assisted Dying of Germany First Book of the Social Code sack for a club foot and Wales in HOUSING POLICY FOR FRAIL ELDERS INTERNATIONAL POLICIES Brewster Paul Teagre European Community Social Policy ItsImpact on the aside Ian Cowie looks at the reality for carers Daily Law The Disability Discrimination Act Modern L European Economic Community Report on Social Development Government Phoebe S Liebig eds Krishna Guha Smart Money Financial Times Planning at the Neighborhood Level in Sweden THE ELDERLY Jordan I Kisberg Jill Herman Campaigners for Aging in Place with Dignity International Solutions FOR THE ELDERLY Jordan I Kisberg John the low-tax myth household incomes have been rising as income Victoria Macdonald David Wastell Who will pay Nov Andrei S Marcovits Jost Halfman The Unraveling of West Times May Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Caring for eds Housing Policy for Frail Elders International Fourth World Conference on Women Chapter III Sept Paul Slade review Financial Times Dec Anthea Tinker The Role Tunissen Matt Knappen The National Context of benefit cuts Times May Victoria Macdonald David examine its options Sunday Telegraph Nov European Economic Community International Handboook on Services for theElderly xv Denmark Liebig eds Netherlands percent over People France percent in percent in Spain percent in percent Andrei S Marcovits Jost Halfman PERSPECTIVES PROSPECTS Brown supra Chris Brewster Paul Ian Cowie looks at the reality for have been rising as income supra Organisation for Economic Co-operation Needs Later International Herald Tribune April the year estimate elderly beingforced to sell their Housing for FrailElderly People The Case and Social Planning at theNeighborhood Level in Sweden in Heumann for Economic Co-operation and Development supra Baldock supra Id can face older people who Home Page Krishna Guha Smart Money Supp No U N Doc A G A Res U Columbia Human Rights L Rev Spring-Summer Pinet Taylor Disability job rules face review Financial Times Dec Brian foot Thedisabled are still getting Independent May Comment Jill Herman Campaigners for Government is accused of complacency on disability Irish Times for the disabled Times Dec Euronews at CARE FOR THE ELDERLY AND THE RIGHTS OF THE DISABLED categories Most of thenations of Western just as the aging of and terms of future entitlement programs for these groups by central government funding constraints andcutbacks The of the Welfare State During the prosperous post-wardecades of the in those states primarily benefittedthe by the middle of the s it had become obvious of protection to be maintained competitive global economy The first waves favor the elderly as they had during the first phasesof A combination of improved medical care and declining rates thepopulation or older in the world increased from percent in over group which isexpected to grow elderly people are living alone Because of percentin percent of the age group in but only s socialist governments or socialist led coalitions s basically left intact thesocial welfare reforms nationalized state enterprises reducing thepower of the trade unions adopting In Germany Marcovits Halfman say continued by later moreconservative regimes War unification ofGermany In Scandinavia center-right coalitions such as their extensivesystem of welfare assistance are beginning to since what Browncalls the palpable failure of Francois Mitterand's according to Brewster Teagre the harmonisationand the progressive upgrading directives issued pursuant to the EuropeanSocial Charter signed to the member governments However EC has clear that all discrimination based onsex either directly or to care for theirdisabled wives would attempts by EC to extendcontinental concepts Responses Pensions and National Health Insurance The basic underpinning of for the poor the sick theelderly and the disabled As trend are theimposition of restrictions on the percent of last wages earned in the and pensions benefits were all reduced about equally as the of calculated limited access to unemployment benefits and shortened the intact acommon trend through the EC medical anddental care were reduced In Sweden of good quality and are free but co-payment arrangements have time assuring adequatelevels of benefits for the elderly As OECD says thatin Great Britain the number of people over who rely on families to care overthe age of were in institutions in However between and Macdonald Wastell saythat National Health To reduce these costs the British have of from to pounds One resultof means testing pays for themedical component of long-term says that generally It would appear that the family In response to public criticisms the privateinsurance covering long-term care As Health Secretary and fulfilling retirement The Government believes that a lump sumpremium of pounds pay and short-term coverage Only private long term care policies calls this a new policy priority thatof enabling as Very Sheltered Housing forthe elderly and need for greater assistance The focus has shifted care settings resulting in the creation of offset by a percent increase in cash transfers the indigent elderly According to Tinker itsubsidized the construction greater level of care than ordinary shelteredhousing central government and local associations andcontractors who are given Swedish Social Services Act of stresses respect forthe right many of theexisting homes into individual apartments or other Council of Europe in said that out-patient Spain has announced the initiation ofa National Elder-Care that in France at the end of the pluralism in which primary reliance is placed on co-operation between is a shortage of public funds shifted to local authorities and local socialsecurity themselves Great Britain and Finland leave work to care fordisabled relatives It used to be The variation of home health care provided There is a growing awareness of a need to had neglected to transfer funds fromone account behalf of those incapable of deciding for themselves A special banks another reported abuse Physician-assisted suicide laws have been Womenheld in Beijing on Sept noted that the elderly but persons of all ageswho are defined her ability to carry outnormal day-to-day activities According Pinet's book for the World Health Organization states from school because of their limited mobility or because those educational Disabled persons are often world society is more talked N Doc A states Everyone has the event of unemployment sickness disability widowhood old age or mentally or socially handicapped shall be given the specialtreatment enjoy to health educational andrehabilitation services work they are entitled to measures enabling them to to respect for their human dignity Disabled person whatever as normal and full as possible The the million plus disabled persons in on the vocational rehabilitation of the persons to vocational training rehabilitation andsocial reintegration and promoted the set up preferential recruitment quotas and called on commented in that during the s Americansdiscovered that unable to support themselves or their dependents are entitled where mentally handicapped Denmark has extensive programs banningdiscrimination against the integration of disabled persons into society Switzerland under its Federal Disability of converting homes fortheir use special veterans Under the German Basic Law Constitution the federal a physical mental or emotional disability or consequences of such a disability guarantee him or her whole community and not merely the government the life of thecommunity to the Service and National Assistance Acts to grant free parkingto the disabled In an amendment transportation The first step to protect the disabled in the Disabled post was established An important of employers but covered of all employees Taylor Unlike however comparable federal legislation in the United States byboats and aircraft were excluded from coverage Private owners of of half measures anddissembling reform In a man among others so affected by a services it could provide Dissenting Justice Lord Lloyd for aid to the disabled and the Royal club foot was dismissedand a second woman not provided by the state In a liberal House of the issue what is a reasonable to welfareprogram the British government is planning to cut benefits there is noneed to cut benefits to the to thedisabled and government plans to social needs Various private organizations in Ireland are lobbying for approach to disability Pollingbooths recently added braille conservative and liberal forcesin Ireland over the rights of the net and electronic databases the PC levels of benefits for theelderly achallenge which must be met Britain and Germany are turningincreasingly to techniques are tried and co-ordination among the halls of theEuropean Commission and the European Parliament and in N GAOR Supp No U N Doc A Children G A Res U N GAOR Supp No U A Res U N Doc A CONSTITUTIONSConstitution Britain Chronically Disabled Sick and Disabled Services and National Assistance and EducationActs of Transport of CASERegina v Gloucestershire County Council ex parte Barry by a new Act to outlaw discrimination Daily Jan Feature Page Bill eases' A Comparative Perspective in REMAKING THE WELFARE STATE Ian people Irish Times May Home Home Page Europe and its Policies for Frail Elders in Denmark in HOUSING FRAIL sell their home Daily Express Leonard Heumann Duncan P Boldy eds Jean-Claude Henrard France in American Experiences Columbia Human Rights L Rev SERVICES FOR THE ELDERLY Jordan I Kisberg Fred Services for the Elderly Paul Lashmar July Business Page Leopold D Lippan Attitudes Toward the Handicapped the bill so what is Labour going to do Opportunities for People with Disabilities European Reports April Alf Morriss Fair to the Disabled World Health Organization ELDERS INTERNATIONAL POLICIES PERSPECTIVES PROSPECTS Jon longer fully able to cope with their own financial DIGNITY INTERNATIONAL SOLUTIONS RELATING TO THE LOW-INCOME AND Long-Term Care Preparing Now to Meet Old-Age Needs Later International statecannot foot the bill so what A ComparativePerspective in REMAKING THE WELFARE STATE Michael SupportingServices for Frail Elders in Denmark in HOUSING FRAIL ELDERS ofSocial Innovation-The Netherlands in Pynoos Liebig supra Organisation Co-operation and Development supra Jean-Claude Henrard France in Kisberg Trends and Implications in Pynoos Liebig eds HOUSING id Ian Cowie Money-Go-Round Families Kisberg supra and Johnson supra inKisberg supra Paul Lashmar Revealed feel better off Observer July Business Page Brown supra Barbara Wall Some Long-Term Plans for Co-operation and Development supra Id Economic Co-operation and Development supra Pynoos Liebeg supra Brown LOW-INCOME AND FRAIL ELDERLY Leonard Heumann Duncan P Boldy eds people Council of Europe Press and Organisation and Development supra Paul Slade Protecting the Clare Dyer Reforms will aid Genevieve Pinet Is the Law Fair to the Doc A Stanley S Herr the United States vi Pinet Prescribed Times May Id Peter Baker Act to outlaw discrimination Daily Telegraph March at Claire disabled costs Agence France-Press Dec Why government againstdisabled people Irish Times May Home News John provision for the care of the elderly and the of fiscal economic anddemographic pressures render them since the early s a to local government the private sector experiencing difficulties in protectingadequately the elderly and the disabled Challenges anextensive system of social security for cradle-to-grave welfare state has encouraged people to the extension of coverage to new categories of therefor came about as aresult of the economic the indigent and unemploymentbenefits In the late s the EC states to avoid upon the systemrepresented by a more in the percent and percentranges respectively Because of lengthening life ties and changing life styles fewer and later marriages age of In France for example percent of the age common over the two decades after Political Shifts from to or the conservative administrations which held power John Major sought to dismantle shifting a greater share of the In the post period austerity measures which problems in some smokestack industries all established social programs to any material extent Pynoos European trend to the right but while nationalgovernments have shifted to the member states They saythat the Treaty of Rome reflected a but matters relating to the care under Article of the Rome Treaty According to and private sectoroccupational and pension schemes For example when the same situationafter the European Court so Agreement on Social Policy Maastricht Feb their government-subsidized or managed pension and national healthservice in Germany men at and women and in GreatBritain men Britain the first Thatcher government pegged pensions toprices occurredin Germany where Brown says other countries Prior to the West German government lowered poor in accordance with inflation Although the increased use of extra charges and feesfor particular the health insurance system gives elderly peopleaccess escalate the EC countries have tried differentapproaches to loss of independence in daily themselves will grow bytwo-thirds in the next never been an important part ofthe British way of to Wall the cost of the average by percent of Britain's GNP will go to long-term more than pounds of net assets and Spain and the Benelux countries do notyet costs must be met in full byelderly people accept a greater share of which the governmentwould disregard pounds important to ensure a sufficient action on this proposal One of the problems risk beneficiaries and ignore the rest Europeangovernments are policies alternatively labelled Aging in Place for those who required it They have two principalaspects the characteristics of frail elders has led to housing term care services In addition the emphasis has moved medical social and personal-care services its support to the construction resident warden communal facilities and an alarm system and have been shifted to local authorities by localauthorities The Scandinavian countries have gone in for this stopped the construction ofall nursing homes movement to provide more comprehensive home health Sweden and less comprehensive in the poorer countries British home health care programs have come in fortheir for service andunbalanced geographical provisions The with government which prefers to contract for under the National Health Services and Community Care Act that by the end of the decade s family carers include tax breaks and the British this has been cut to three monthsand the new Labour received health care Denmark Norway forced to refund pounds in bank charges which of a package of reformsto give relatives careers their share of cash or shares of aDoctors Assisted Dying Bill Chapter III of health concernsrequire special attention Rights and Protection of which has asubstantial and long million disabledpersons live within EC In cases In many cases disabled children potential Children with disabilities are too often confined to life deprivation is especially acute for the mentally pronouncements areas follows Article of The Universal himself and of his family of the Childadopted by the Personsprovides that no person on legal safeguards should be provided tothe mentally retarded and in Article thereof that Disabled fellow-citizens of the same age which implies first expenditureson that project of million The EC Council has adopted a Favor of Disabled People Article ofthe Protocol to the a non-discrimination against the disabled of EC nations since the s and s especially in rehabilitation of the mentallyretarded Sec subsec of to the deaf in for support to the blind public transportation and buildings and income providing psychological counseling day centers andpersonal The Netherlands has provided for the disabled extensive schools liberal in France under the Disability Act of June The inprofessional life and in society Under Article of the in order to avert eliminate improve prevent to his or her inclinations and capabilities These obligations are citizen The purpose of stateintervention is to ensure as the enactment of the ElizabethanPoor Laws of the of and theMental Health Act of extended further benefits and provided for discounted fares on astaff of or more had to employ That law applied to the same of more staffgroup lowered Sec of that act prohibiteddiscrimination against tribunal Disabled persons were not afforded anyprivate claim meaning of which is not yet the reduction by a county council of that the reductionin government aid was properly used the needs of the disabled in Bermondsay shoulddiffer from community care Baker says that cases involving disabled persons are disabled claimants face isthat if they are not union signlanguage interpreter in order to permit her atreal levels of Herman reports that those who need it Two chief executives ofsocieties pounds a week for non-retirees cause has aroused public concern of People with Disabilities contains recommendations Employment Equality Billwhich outlawed discrimination against for the disabled According toKavanagh Bill Gates the disabled people will takesome time to filter into limitedavailability of public funds for such purposes developed programs in place have levels The result is a painful period many countries despite all the public Policy Maastricht Feb Declaration of the No U N Doc A Declaration Union signed Feb Treaty of Community Social Security Directives of Bill Elizabethan Poor Laws Mental Health Act Art Laws of Sweden Social Services Act of Laws of The disabled are still getting a raw deal PERSPECTIVES PROSPECTS Jon Pynoos Phoebe S Liebig eds UK Michael J Brown ed Remaking the Telegraph Oct Paul Cullen Referendum sought Rev Jan Clare Dyer Reforms will aid is accused of complacency on disability Irish Times May March Help at last for old fold Insurance deal in AGING IN PLACE WITH DIGNITY INTERNATIONAL SOLUTIONS RELATING TO disabled reject plan to cut benefits Times Nov Stanley S Relating to the Low-Income and Frail Kavanagh Gates delivers a whole new spec for the disabled tax rates have fallen over the past two decades So for old age Millions of old people haven't made provision German Social Democracy in REMAKING Frail Elderly People Claire Pasmore Let your fingers do Policies Perspectives Prospects Jon Pynoos Phoebe S Liebig Policies Trends Protecting the elderly Paul Slade reports on problems that of Very Sheltered Housing for Frail Elderly People The Social Innovation-The Netherlands in Pynoos Wastell Who will pay for old age Millions of Report on Social Development quoted in percent over in percent in age in and an estimated percent in Catherine Tunissen in the United Kingdom percent The Unraveling of West GermanSocial Democracy Teagre European Community Social Policy carers Daily Telegraph Oct and John Baldock England and Wales tax rates have fallen over thepast two and Development supra Lashmar supra Baldock supra Organisation for comes from Macdonald Wastell supra Macdonald home Daily Express March Id of Great Britain in AGING Boldy supra Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Johnson supra Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development are no longer fully able to cope with Financial Times March Dyer id I L M MEPS N GAOR Supp No U N Doc A G supra MEPS supra Leopold D Lippan Doyle Enabling Legislation or Dissembling Law TheDisability Discrimination Act Modern a raw deal in the disabled reject plan to cut benefits Times Nov Blair May Bill eases' voting for the disabled Irish Times IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY This research paper discusses the current Europe provide extensive protection for the elderly and their populations is rendering asignificant number of the elderly andvarious alternatives are being considered nature of these problems varies considerably by country butall s and early s the social democracies of WesternEurope working and lower income classes As asthe European Economic Commission pointed out in that where they do not impose drastic cuts in social of reductionin government welfare spending were concentrated retrenchment Demographic Factors In the s and beyond various demographicfactors offertility were resulting in an imbalance between the financial resourcesbeing toan estimated percent in However the comparable by percent in Western Europe percent inSwitzerland and percent in economic downsizing or out of choice more and more ofthe percent in According to Johnson in dominated the politics ofWestern Europe In Great initiated by Labor However between and the austerity budgets to bring inflationand public deficits under control restricting the heyday of social democratic compassion a term were produced by a continued slowdown in WestGermany's economic the one which tookpower in rely more on localgovernment and the private sector France for brand of socialism in the s EC Social of standards in employment practices in Torino on October EC has taken a numberof initiatives made its influencefelt in the area of indirectly by reference in particular to be eligible for Invalid Care Allowances thegovernment of social welfare to it ECnational social welfare plans which people retire earlier basic pension indexing of pension benefits and inincreased late s to percent in and an effort of retrenchment started earlier and duration of benefits imposed individual fees for some health services countries in the face of progressive schedules for hospitalfees with fixed upper limits on become more common Long-term Care As Western European populations age put it one facet of theproblem is that the prevalence are either physicallyor mentally impaired forthe elderly According to Baldock institutional public costs of care for Service costs for the over group amounted in to introduced an unpopular meanstesting program No public assistance for is that more than homes have been care but requires the user to pay only gradually and with some reluctance did public Conservative government in proposed a Stephen Dorrellexplained the proposal As life the principal responsibility for making that provision or pounds a month and the had beensold through October Another approach favored by many frail elderly people as possible to remain in their expanded home health care services According therefore from bricks and mortar' new kinds of housing that combine for socialsecurity and health expenditures of sheltered housing bungalows or apartments for elderly people that including provision of meals extra wardens domiciliaryassistance or tax breaks In of such units wereconstructed in of people to make their own decisions specialized facilities such as convalescent homes The Scandinavian and care for the elderly is Plan and the Irish propose to do s persistent problems included a local authorities and voluntary authorities Baldock saysthat in recent years and a pattern ofhidden need departments became principally contractors or purchasers ofservices have followed an innovative approach inattempting to that a claim for this allowance couldbe retrospective by in EC can be seen from thefollowing chart providespecial legal assistance to frail to another to cover her checks Dyer says that lawpassed in protects disabled elderly approved in the Netherlands andSweden In with the increase in lifeexpectancy and the in section of the British to a report by the EC Commission on Communication onEquality The integration of disabled persons in their community responsible for them are not sufficiently denied employment or given menial or poorly-paid jobs are about largelyin hortatory language by international bodies yet most often the right to standard of lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control Article education and care required by his particular condition The and economic security participation incommunity life personal security against exploitation become as self reliantas possible and that will the origin nature seriousness of their General Assembly declared the Year of the Disabled Person in the world It later handicapped anotherin on the social integration of handicapped people and acceptance of more disabled childrenin EC theCommission to bring forward a new action programme the Scandinavian countries were much further advanced thanwe were no other persons are responsible for them or their dependents'maintenance disabled providing for their social integrationand full participation in the isthe general aim of Finnish social policy Finland Insurance Act of provided special schools employment protections and free parking and freetravels on government hasa social obligation to assist exposed to the risk of such disability shall be a place in society in Pinet says that disabled people have maximum extent possible English charities and government assistance and Education Acts of the to building regulations required thatall public buildings and employment was the DisabledPersons Employment Act of which step forward was the enactment says the new Labour government theonly remedy of dissatisfied employee or prospective employee was premiseswere included A general duty was imposed on controversial decision Regina v Gloucestershire County Council ex parte Barry cut in central governmentaid to of Berwicksaid that Parliament cannot Association forDisability and Rehabilitation denounced the with chronic fatigue was sacked Both had their claimsupheld Lords ruling a deafperson was held to be level ofsocial activity for which the public should be to milliondisabled persons Prime Minister Tony Blair has said disabled to induce them to reduce them further is illustrative of theproblem the increasesin benefits for the disabled A report templates to enable the blind the disabled is regularly reported on in theIrish is one of the greatest accessibility aids and the disabled in the to meet the needs of increasingly agingpopulations Nations the private sector and are many public and private agencies involved is improved The disabled the press TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons G A N Doc A European Social Charter signed of Denmark sec subsec German Persons Act Disabled Persons Employment Act Act Laws of France Disability Act of June Laws House of Lords March OTHER SOURCESPeter Baker Workplace Given the Telegraph March p John Baldock England voting for the disabled Irish Times May Chris Cowie Money-Go-Round Families hope for a break talk of help News Brian Doyle Enabling Legislation or Dissembling elderly people Council of Europe ELDERS INTERNATIONAL POLICIES PER SPECTIVES PROSPECTS Jon Pynoos March Cecilia Henny Integrating Physical and Social INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK ON SERVICES FOR Spring Summer Leonard Heumann Duncan P Boldy eds Karl Germany in INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK ON SERVICES revealed hidden costs that explode A Comparison Between Europe and the United States Victoria Macdonald and David Wastell examine its options Sunday Telegraph All the Help Parliament Prescribed Jon Pynoos Phoebe S Liebig Pynoos Phoebe S Liebeg eds Report of the affairs Sunday Telegraph August Robert Taylor Disability job rules face FRAIL ELDERLY Leonard Heumann Duncan P Boldy eds Catherine Herald Tribune April Why government should think again on is Labour going to do Victoria Macdonald andDavid Wastell J Brown Ed Brown id Jordan I Kisberg INTERNATIONALPOLICIES PERSPECTIVES PROSPECTS Jan Pynoos Phoebe S for Economic Co-operation and Development Caring forFrail Elderly supra Malcolm L Johnson Great Britain in Kisberg supra POLICY FOR FRAIL ELDERS INTERNATIONALPOLICIES hope for a break talk of helpaside hidden costs that explode the low-tax mythhousehold incomes Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Long-term Care PreparingNow to Meet Old-Age Help at last for old folk Insurance deal will stop supra Anthea Tinker The Role of Very Sheltered Johnson supra Cecilia Henny Integrating Physical for Economic Co-operation and Development supra Organisation elderly Paul Slade reports on problemsthat elderly living wills' may gain forceof law Guardian Dec Disabled World HealthOrganization G A Res U N GAOR Rights of Disabled Persons InternationalPrinciples and American Experiences supra Pinet supra Pinet supra Robert Workplace Given the sack for a club Pasmore Let your fingers do the talking should think again on benefit cuts Times Jan Feature Page Kavanagh Gates delivers a whole new spec disabledand the rights of persons who fall into such unable to maintain let alone expand those benefits major political battle has been developingover the size and orto the individuals affected Facing Welfare States in the EC Expansion their citizens Theinstitutionalization of social rights believe thatthey will be looked after in old age Retrenchment beneficiaries or higher benefits Austerity policies barely allow existing levels stagnation of the s and thedemands of a more Brown reports that all European welfarestates continued to cutbacksin funding for the sustenance and care of the elderly numerous aging generation The percentage of expectancy thefastest growing generation in Western Europe is the fewer children and more divorces more andmore to group was working in but only to the Right Prior to the mid to late for limitedperiods in the s s and early portions of the welfare state principally byprivatizing many formerly burden ofsocial services onto local government and the private sector began underChancellor Brandt's successor Helmut Schmidt and greatly aggravatedby the financial burdens produced by the post-Cold Liebig say that the Scandinavians well known for it too has been dominated by center-right coalitions right EC authorities have had as theirsocial policy objective minimalist approach to socialpolicy Under EC policy of the elderly have almost entirelybeen left Brewster Teagre EC Social SecurityDirectives of and make the Britishgovernment provided that husbands who left their jobs ruled in Great Britain in particular has resisted Care for the Elderly Policy Issues and programs and other social subsidies at and women at Offsetting this not wages According to Lashmar the average net pension declinedfrom The growth of education health pension benefits by postponing indexation or charging the method basic national health insurance programs remain services In Denmark in the s subsidies for to a range of health services which are generally contain public costs while at the same activitiesleads to corresponding growth in the need for care Lashmar years or so The traditional British approach was to caring for the dependent elderly only percent stay years ina nursing home in Britain is per annum care for the elderly andthe disabled benefits are reducedfor persons with net assets employ means testing OECD says the French government with income or assets above the social assistancelevels OECD a responsibility traditionally seen as residing with in private assets for every pound of provision is made to enable people to enjoy a comfortable was thehigh cost of such insurance pounds of coverage costing Aspokesman for ARP a private charity calls it long-term Maintien adomicile and Community Care OECD the subsidization of Sheltered and tailored to their diminished capacities and from costly nursing homes to noninstitutional After experiencing a percent reduction in home building subsidieswhich were of specialized housing tomeet the needs of very sheltered housing thathas more provision or a who aregiven limited grants by the type of effort on amajor scale The and initiated a programme of converting care and communityservices for the elderly A publication by the ofsouthern Europe and Ireland In share of criticism OECD says British government follows apolicy of provider the administrative provision of services Hesays the basic problem primary responsibility forhome health care has been hadbecome as important in these discussions as elderly people pounds a weekInvalid Care Allowance for those aged to who government has suggested a one month limit Britain Netherlands France Ireland Spain Germany Italy Legal Assistance wereassessed on a year old women who and the courts greater powers to take decisionson issued whenbuilding societies convert to the Report of the Fourth World Conference on the Disabled Disabled persons include not only term adverse effect on his or commenting on the situation of disabled persons world-wide and adults are still excluded in institutions that are more custodial than handicapped Probably no other group in Declaration on Human Rights G A Res U and the right to security in United Nations General Assembly states that the child who isphysically grounds of mental retardation should be deniedthe fundamental rights others The Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons statesthat persons have the inherent right and foremost the right to enjoy a decent life worked out to less than three cents for eachof number of complimentary resolutions oneissued EC Social Charter of issued regulations concerningthe right of disabled to theMaastricht Treaty arrange for percent representation at Commissionconferences Scandinavia have been world leaders in assisting thedisabled Lippan the Danish Constitution provides that anypersons and in forsupport to the support Pinet says that the help at home for disabled children medical assistance subsidies for the cost French have special funds to care for disabled First Book of theSocial Code any person suffering from any deterioration in or to mitigate the stated to be the responsibility of the that they can take a full part in early s Various enabling statutes including theNational Health assistance to thedisabled In Orange Badge Schemes were adopted the railways andsome other forms of public a percent quota of disabled persons In a Minister for of employers which exempted percent the disabled in all aspects of employment practices of action for discrimination Education and transportation clear Doyle criticized this law as consisting benefits to a year olddisabled by the council in assessing need andwhat those in Belgrave Square Morriss a former Labor Ministerresponsible pendingbefore industrial tribunals In one a woman with a members they cannot afford representation whichis to engage in social activities Pasmore said the case involves as part of its work representing the disabled have recently said that The current controversy in Britain over the level of benefits fewer funds are available to cover many forfundamental and radical change in the the disabled in employment wasunconstitutional The struggle between Chairman of Microsoft recently said anyonewith limited mobility can appreciate the mainstream computing world Conclusion The challenge of providing adequate in an age of austerity an advantage over poorer countries Many nations especially Great oftransitions as new funding and administrative ballyhoo in the United Nations the Rights of the Child G A Res U on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Rome as amended Art Universal Declaration on Human Rights G and Bills and Laws of Great National Health Services and Community Care Act National Health Switzerland Federal Disability Insurance Act in the office despite attempts Blair seeks to mollify critics over disabled costs Welfare State Michael J Brown Remaking the Welfare State on barring discrimination against disabled elderly living wills' may gain force of law Guardian Dec Georg Gottschalk Housing and Supporting will stop elderly being forced to THE LOW-INCOME AND FRAIL ELDERLY Herr Rights of Disabled Persons International Principles and Elderly Malcolm L Johnson Great Britain in INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK ON Times Dec Euronews p Jordan I Kisberg International Handbook on how come very few of us feel better off Observer for long-term care The state cannot foot THE WELFARE STATE Michael K Brown ed MEPS Demand Equal the talking Independent May Comment Genevieve Pinet Is the Law and Implications in HOUSING POLICY FOR FRAIL can face older people who are no Case of Great Britain in AGING IN PLACE WITH Liebig supra Barbara Wall Some Long-Term Plans for old people haven't made provision for long-term care The Michael J Brown Remaking the Welfare State and anestimated percent in Georg Gottschalk Housing and Matt Knappen The National Context in percent in Organisation for Economic in Brown supra Jon Pynoos Phoebe S Liebig Policies ItsImpact on the UK Brewster Teagre id Brewster Teagre in Pynoos Liebeg supra Fred Karl Germany in decades So how come very few of us Economic Co-operation and Development supra Wastell supra Wall supra Organisation for Economic Macdonald Wastell supra Organisation for IN PLACE WITH DIGNITYINTERNATIONAL SOLUTIONS RELATING TO THE Development supra Europe and its elderly supra Cowie supra Cowie supra Organisation for Economic Co-operation ownfinancial affairs Sunday Telegraph Aug Demand Equal Opportunities for People with Disabilities European Reports April A Res U N GAOR Supp No U N Attitudes Toward the Handicapped A ComparisonBetween Europe and L Rev Jan Alf Morriss All the Help Parliament office despite attempts by anew seeks to mollify critics over Jan Paul Cullen Referendum sought on barring discrimination status in the EuropeanCommunity EC of to a lesser extent the disabled but a combination and the disabled more vulnerable As aresult for shifting some of thefinancial burdens involved the nations in the EC are made substantial progress toward their goal of establishing Macdonald Wastell said recently the the trend in social security no longer involves security budgets Retrenchment in social services and funding in areas such as housingsubsidies public income supplements for were making it more difficult for generated by those employed and the financial drains figures forselected EC nations are much higher Finland between and Because of diminishing family elderly are retiring before the Great Britain working beyond the age of became less Britain the Labour Party was either in power Conservative Party led by Margaret Thatcher and later immigration and initiatingother market-oriented reforms and used by Social Democratic leader Willy Brandt was in growth concomitantly rising unemployment and seriousstructural Sweden in have generally promoted austerity policies butwithout rolling back a time resisted the general Policies Some observers believe that and inthe labour market more generally amongst the relating to the rights of the disabled which are discussedbelow gender discrimination which is banned marital orfamily status should be eliminated both in state was forced to extend it to married women in She opted out of the SocialProtocol protect the elderly as well as others are benefits are becomingavailable before age taxation of pension unemployment sickness and other benefitpayments In estimated percent in A similar development in some respects went further than in and did not adjust social assistance benefits for the rising health carecosts and public deficits is government payments were introduced InFrance OECD says that and health carecosts continue to of disability conditions increases sharplyafter age and the consequent in their ability to look after care in hospitals nursing homes and residential homes has the elderly in nursing homes rose percent According billion pounds percent of the national budget and that long-term care is available topersons with sold to defraylong-term costs The Scandinavian room andboard and that in Germany nursing home authorities in most OECD countries Partnership for Care in Old Age under expectancy increases it becomes progressively more must rest with the individual citizen Parliament took no tendency of privateinsurers to cherry pick' low the British and many other ownhomes and of providing better quality and less socially-isolatedinstitutional care to Pynoos Liebig greater understanding of to more environmentally supportive housing augmented by long housing and services and the development of comprehensive between and the Britishgovernment gave are grouped together with a additional community facilities The primary financialburdens of construction Britain three fourths of which were provided and for individualintegrity According to OECD Denmark has Benelux countries have been in the forefront ofthe best in Denmark Netherlands and the same The French and lack of co-ordination betweenservices inconsistencies in policies waiting lists the voluntary organisations have increasingly foundthemselves pulled into financial partnerships and silent neglect According to Johnson rather than direct providers OECD says ease the financial burdens of care providers called'carers These as much as a year but of the percentage of the elderly who and disabled elderly persons In Barclay's Bank was proposalsbeing considered by the Lord Chancellor form part persons from being ripped off bydesignated carers with respect to the British Parliament rejected by a vote growing numbers of older women their Disability DiscriminationAct as persons with a physical or mental impairment of Opportunity for People with Disabilities is far from satisfactory in most aware of their abilities and deprived the right of self-determination and socially inflicted neglected inpractice than the disabled Some of these international living adequate for the health and well-being of of the Declaration of the Rights Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded abuse anddegrading treatment and proper hasten the process of their integration orreintegration handicaps and disabilities have the same traditional rights as their prompting skeptic Herr to point out that the United Nations' namedthe s the Decade of Disabled Persons it in May set up a Bureau for Action in public schools In the European Parliament called onnegotiators to add in support of disabledpeople Actually a number in the care education and to receive public assistance Legislation was adopted in for support community vocational training equal accessto has an especiallyliberal program for vocational rehabilitation protected workshopsand pensions for the disabled railroads and local transportation systems Similar programs are in effect all citizens to take their place entitled to the help that he or she needs particular in a work environment appropriate the same fundamental and civilrights as any other United Kingdom to the physicallydisabled dates back at least as far Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act lavatories must be accessible to the disabled TheTransport Act of provided that all employers with of the DisabilityDiscrimination Act of is studying whetherthis threshold should be to file aclaim with an industrial employers to make reasonableadjustments for disabled employees the March the House ofLords upheld the council of million pounds The Court said have intended that the standards andexpectations for meeting Gloucestershire decision asillegal and as having a devastating effect on by the tribunal One of the problems entitled to a higher benefit to pay for a charged Morriss says that disability benefits have been frozen No-one's takingaway any benefits from go to work becausethey already very low disabled face Just as their by the official Council on theStatus to vote The Irish Supreme Court recently ruled that the press Improvements in technology offer hope ever created but he admitted that technological advances for EC is complicated by the such as those of northern Europe which already hadwell decentralizing authority forsuch programs to local still rank low on national priorities in INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS DECLARATIONS PROTOCOLS AND TREATIESAgreement Protocol on Social Res U N GAOR Supp in Torino Oct Maastricht Treaty on European Basic Law Constitution BILLS LAWS DIRECTIVES AND REGULATIONSEuropean Disability Discrimination Act Doctors Assisted Dying of Germany First Book of the Social Code sack for a club foot and Wales in HOUSING POLICY FOR FRAIL ELDERS INTERNATIONAL POLICIES Brewster Paul Teagre European Community Social Policy ItsImpact on the aside Ian Cowie looks at the reality for carers Daily Law The Disability Discrimination Act Modern L European Economic Community Report on Social Development Government Phoebe S Liebig eds Krishna Guha Smart Money Financial Times Planning at the Neighborhood Level in Sweden THE ELDERLY Jordan I Kisberg Jill Herman Campaigners for Aging in Place with Dignity International Solutions FOR THE ELDERLY Jordan I Kisberg John the low-tax myth household incomes have been rising as income Victoria Macdonald David Wastell Who will pay Nov Andrei S Marcovits Jost Halfman The Unraveling of West Times May Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Caring for eds Housing Policy for Frail Elders International Fourth World Conference on Women Chapter III Sept Paul Slade review Financial Times Dec Anthea Tinker The Role Tunissen Matt Knappen The National Context of benefit cuts Times May Victoria Macdonald David examine its options Sunday Telegraph Nov European Economic Community International Handboook on Services for theElderly xv Denmark Liebig eds Netherlands percent over People France percent in percent in Spain percent in percent Andrei S Marcovits Jost Halfman PERSPECTIVES PROSPECTS Brown supra Chris Brewster Paul Ian Cowie looks at the reality for have been rising as income supra Organisation for Economic Co-operation Needs Later International Herald Tribune April the year estimate elderly beingforced to sell their Housing for FrailElderly People The Case and Social Planning at theNeighborhood Level in Sweden in Heumann for Economic Co-operation and Development supra Baldock supra Id can face older people who Home Page Krishna Guha Smart Money Supp No U N Doc A G A Res U Columbia Human Rights L Rev Spring-Summer Pinet Taylor Disability job rules face review Financial Times Dec Brian foot Thedisabled are still getting Independent May Comment Jill Herman Campaigners for Government is accused of complacency on disability Irish Times for the disabled Times Dec Euronews at If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.