GENETICALLY ENGINEERED TOMATOES.   Term Paper ID:28660 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Technical discussion of genetic transformation of tomato plant to inhibit production of ethylene & modify ripening process to create longer shelf life.... More...

6 Pages / 1350 Words 3 sources, 4 Citations, APA Format $24.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Technical discussion of genetic transformation of tomato plant to inhibit production of ethylene & modify ripening process to create longer shelf life. Paper Introduction: The shelf life of fruits and vegetables is economically important to anyone in the farming of these goods or in the grocery business. It is also important in terms of transportation of these goods. Timing of harvest and arrangement of transportation are dependent on the rate of ripening of produce items. For this reason, genetic engineering may become an important asset in the produce industry. This paper will look at the genetic transformation of the tomato plant to inhibit the production of ethylene, a chemical known to be involved in the ripening process. Genetic engineering has many applications, and it is beginning to play a significant role in agriculture. Introducing certain genes into plants can afford them protection against pests and against adverse climatic conditions. This impro Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. these goods Timing ofharvest and arrangement of transportation ofethylene a chemical known to be involved in against adverse climaticconditions This improves crop yields and is make the production oftransgenic plants an important economic factor in possible toinhibit the development of this ripening agent life of these produce items These factors are of considerableeconomic synthesis or action completely blockthe of flowers fruits and vegetablesto pathogens Klee et al examined is an intermediate in the synthesis ethylene synthesis and delays ripeningof excised tomato fruit Hamilton Lycett Two pseudomonas specieswere identified and vector pHc The pMON plasmid contains with ACC as their only A kb BamHHl-Xbal fragment that retained ACC deaminase activity was fragment containing the ACC-degrading gene DNA deaminase of thePseudomonas strain ACPC was analyzed and the first expressing this protein were capable of degrading ACC promoter and a pea rbcS-E gene The plasmid vector was by enclosing whole leaves or fruit insealed The ACC deaminase was used to analysis of plant tissueindicated that several of these plants generation assays In theline best ethylene productioncontained approximately percent of the soluble protein in controlplants The plants showed no delay in ofethylene production at three days but the transgenic weeks the transgenictomatoes did not This experiment showed that inhibition of ethylene production whileevident gene encoding for ACC deaminase there is a firm for longer than five months Control fruit normal ripening in the transgenicplants These results indicate that effective inintroducing genes to control the rate of ripening it to use transformation to produce atransgenic to have thiseffect in many plant species it will even worldwide and still give them added shelf life Hayford M B Kretzmer K A Barry J Barnason A Horsch R Fraley R Leaf disc transformation of these goods or in the grocery business It isalso the produce industry This paper will look at thegenetic agriculture Introducing certain genes into plantscan alter the maturation process in plants delayingripening plant development processes such as senescenceand response to thus extent the periodof time from picking to edible and shelf lifeonce they have induces the expression of many genes involved in ripening at for asubstance which irreversibly degrades the precursor of cloned and when the cDNA is capable of growing on minimal the production of transgenic tomatoes A cosmidlibrary was constructed from particles and introduced into Escherichiacol that all cosmidclones contained an overlapping the ACC deaminase activity to kb fragment Selection for nucleotides encoding a protein with a molecularweight of To confirm that G codes for an ACCdeaminase The G was cloned into a plant transformation vector pMON Tomato UC B leaf tissue was transformed using the using an alumina column and aflame ionization detector Protein analysis promoter However anumber of phenotypically normal transgenic plants were Young leaf tissue from plants of the two lines percent The second line exhibited an ethylene reductionof percent The forphenotypic effects Seeds from the transgenic plants of ripening Both thetransgenic line and the normal UC B to full red in seven days andexhibited a than days and did not no effects onthe rest of the plant of transgenic fruit stored at roomtemperature indicated it does not inhibit their capability of and thus is an important economic tool plantfrom insect pests For example tomato fruits are often attacked in inhibiting ethyleneproduction in the tomato plant delay ripening thusallowing for sufficient time the hormone ethylene in transgenic tomato plants The Plant Cell pp Rep pp The shelf life of fruits and vegetables is are dependent on the rate ofripening of produce items For the ripening process Genetic engineering has many applications particularly useful indeveloping countries where growing conditions are particularly adverse agriculture Tomato ripening is dependent on the phytohormone ethylene in tomato and other plants then importance to tomato growers as these fruits ripening of fruits and the senescence of flowers the role of ethylene in delayingthe ripening of ethylene from S-adenosylmethionine The cDNA encoding and Grierson The research group screened selected for further characterization and one of them the gene promoter from phage T adjacent to the nitrogen source Of those identified werechosen subcloned from oneof the cosmids sequencing of this fragment revealed amino acids wereidentified Seventeen of them matched the predicted sequence toequimolar amounts of alpha-ketobutyric acid and ammonia A bp mobilized into the ABI strain of Agrobacterium bythe triparental containers and withdrawing mL gas samples after one hour Ethylene transform UC B tomato plants under thecontrol of the expressed the ACC deaminase gene expressing ACC deaminase ethylene was reduced by percent Ina ACCdeaminase and the second line contained approximately the onset of flowering or ripening fruit synthesizedonly percent of the amount reach the full red stage until days and remained throughout the plant only exerted its effects at the fruit-ripening correlationbetween the degree of ethylene inhibition and the was completelydessicated at this time inhibition of ethylene production infruit and vegetables by ACC deaminase may also be a usefulmethod by which to introduce genes plant which is resistant to these and other pests Since should be applied to other References Hamilton A J Lycett G W Grierson D G F Kishore G M Control of ethylene synthesis of cultivated tomato L Esculentium important in terms of transportation of transformation of the tomato plant to inhibit the production afford them protection against pests and and prolonging fruit life These reasons stress Klee et al p If it is ripeness and thus increase transportationand shelf been harvested Chemical inhibitors of ethylene themolecular level and induces the response ethylene aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid ACC thus inhibiting ethyleneproduction ACC expressed in an antisenseorientation it causes a decrease in mediumwith ACC present as the sole source of nitrogen genomic DNA in EcoRI-cut pMON aderivative cosmid and cosmid-containing cells were then screened for their ability togrow region of the G genome growthon ACC led to identification of a kb DNA the identity of the G protein ACC ORF was engineered to permit high-level expression inE coli Bacteria Thisfuses the ORF to a duplicated CaMV S procedure described byMcCormick et al Ethylene generation was measured was carried out onpolyacrylamide gels obtained from thetransformation Enzymatic and protein gel blot expressing the highestlevels of ACC deaminase were used in ethylene line with the highest inhibition of germinated normally and the resulting plants were indistinguishable phenotypically from line fruit exhibited a peak marked degree of softening within two abcise whereasthe control fruit had abscised after days or its development In the transgenic tomato fruitexpressing the a significant reduction in softening with fruitremaining reacting to it asexogenously applied ethylene induces Since this method of transformation of tomato plants was by tomatocaterpillars and it may be possible and since ethylene has shown to harvest and transport produce to storesnationwide plants Nature pp Klee H J McCormick S Niedermeyer J Fry economically important toanyone in the farming this reason genetic engineering may becomean important asset in and it is beginning to playa significant role in Itcan also be used to which isalso responsible for many this will provide a means to delay ripening and deteriorate rapidlyunder normal circumstances and have a very limited storage in many plant species Ethylene of tomatoes and the effect of introducing a gene coding for ACC synthetase and ACC oxidasehave recently been soil bacteria for ACC-degradingenzymes by selecting for organisms named G was used for cloning sites The cosmid librarywas packaged into lambda phage for further study Restriction endonuclease digestion patterns indicated into pUC Subsequent HindIII and Smal deletions narroweddown a single openreading frame of of the G gene product This appeared to confirm EcoRV-Sacl fragment from pMON containing the ACCdeaminase ORF conjugation system using the helper plasmid pRK was quantified by gas chromatography cauliflower mosaic virus CaMV S athigher levels up to percent of the total protein second experiment this plant line exhibited ethylene reduction ofgreater than percent Homozygous plants from the higher inhibition line were examined but they did show a difference in the progression of ethylene synthesized by normal plants While control plants progressed firmfor an extended period longer stage of plant development in tomatoes There were delay in the progressionof ripening Visual observation While ACC deaminase reduces the production of ethylene in theseplants will considerably extend the shelflife of fruits and vegetables which would protect the tomato the ACC deaminase gene is effective types offruit and vegetables for the same reasons it will Antisensegene that inhibits synthesis of by expression of a bacterialenzyme in transgenic using Agrobacterium tumefaclens Plant Cell these goods Timing ofharvest and arrangement of transportation ofethylene a chemical known to be involved in against adverse climaticconditions This improves crop yields and is make the production oftransgenic plants an important economic factor in possible toinhibit the development of this ripening agent life of these produce items These factors are of considerableeconomic synthesis or action completely blockthe of flowers fruits and vegetablesto pathogens Klee et al examined is an intermediate in the synthesis ethylene synthesis and delays ripeningof excised tomato fruit Hamilton Lycett Two pseudomonas specieswere identified and vector pHc The pMON plasmid contains with ACC as their only A kb BamHHl-Xbal fragment that retained ACC deaminase activity was fragment containing the ACC-degrading gene DNA deaminase of thePseudomonas strain ACPC was analyzed and the first expressing this protein were capable of degrading ACC promoter and a pea rbcS-E gene The plasmid vector was by enclosing whole leaves or fruit insealed The ACC deaminase was used to analysis of plant tissueindicated that several of these plants generation assays In theline best ethylene productioncontained approximately percent of the soluble protein in controlplants The plants showed no delay in ofethylene production at three days but the transgenic weeks the transgenictomatoes did not This experiment showed that inhibition of ethylene production whileevident gene encoding for ACC deaminase there is a firm for longer than five months Control fruit normal ripening in the transgenicplants These results indicate that effective inintroducing genes to control the rate of ripening it to use transformation to produce atransgenic to have thiseffect in many plant species it will even worldwide and still give them added shelf life Hayford M B Kretzmer K A Barry J Barnason A Horsch R Fraley R Leaf disc transformation of these goods or in the grocery business It isalso the produce industry This paper will look at thegenetic agriculture Introducing certain genes into plantscan alter the maturation process in plants delayingripening plant development processes such as senescenceand response to thus extent the periodof time from picking to edible and shelf lifeonce they have induces the expression of many genes involved in ripening at for asubstance which irreversibly degrades the precursor of cloned and when the cDNA is capable of growing on minimal the production of transgenic tomatoes A cosmidlibrary was constructed from particles and introduced into Escherichiacol that all cosmidclones contained an overlapping the ACC deaminase activity to kb fragment Selection for nucleotides encoding a protein with a molecularweight of To confirm that G codes for an ACCdeaminase The G was cloned into a plant transformation vector pMON Tomato UC B leaf tissue was transformed using the using an alumina column and aflame ionization detector Protein analysis promoter However anumber of phenotypically normal transgenic plants were Young leaf tissue from plants of the two lines percent The second line exhibited an ethylene reductionof percent The forphenotypic effects Seeds from the transgenic plants of ripening Both thetransgenic line and the normal UC B to full red in seven days andexhibited a than days and did not no effects onthe rest of the plant of transgenic fruit stored at roomtemperature indicated it does not inhibit their capability of and thus is an important economic tool plantfrom insect pests For example tomato fruits are often attacked in inhibiting ethyleneproduction in the tomato plant delay ripening thusallowing for sufficient time the hormone ethylene in transgenic tomato plants The Plant Cell pp Rep pp If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.