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Paper Abstract: Establishing policing policy. Crime control as an important act of government. The policy development process. Proposes a study to examine the extent to which politics, political ideology or elected political officials shape and inform the policies, attitudes and behaviors of police officers in the United States and in South Africa. Methodology and survey instrument. Paper Introduction: The Influence of Politics on Policing: A Comparative Analysis INTRODUCTION Statement of the Problem Most citizens, regardless of their country or nationality, tend to regard crime control and policing as one of the most important acts of government (Carrick, 2000). Policy formation in general and as it applies to policing is the process of establishing a direction for agency philosophy or employee conduct. Carrick (2000), in discussing policy formation and policing, noted that involving organizational decisionmakers and managers, elected officials, and members of the civic body in the policy development process ensures that policy moves from complete, accurate information and assumptions. Establishing policing policy is a potentially controversial Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. most important acts ofgovernment Carrick Policy formation in elected officials and members of the civic other key actorsin a national polity Carrick Perry Police or inadequate resources and excessiveaffiliation with a partisan political view To what extent do politics political reduction in the national crime ratehaving apartheid itself Nevin Gastrow and Shaw maintain that as Roane has contended a number of urban police departments to identify via areview of and to determine theattitudes of development of a population ofrespondents in two the study The firstresearch question is To what degree does the interaction betweenpolitics and police intersection between politics and policing in their country it will include a relatively smallconvenience sample of been tested and found to be either reliable or valid research questions REVIEW OF LITERATURE group norms byusing peer pressure In larger social behaviors originating in the socialenvironment that Knudsen Among themost common external forces of social control are members For the most part theorists community Rohe Adams Arcury The degree systems tend to reduce citizen input and tostructure the government laid great stresson the need for reconciliation Integral to policing and the White South African sections of SouthAfrica's population particularly Black South Africans Despite ongoing efforts to change the image and behavior of that the racial injustice of to operate and organize the police force Corruption is endemic economic instability is also associated with order authorities in South Africa areturning manner discriminatory to the vastmajority of in overseeing police activitythroughout the country United States areauthorized at the state or metropolitan itself confronted with thenecessity of investigating metropolitan they serve is community policing to create stable healthy neighborhoods prevention and officerdiscretion in the performance of police duties Police assumesa commitment to broadly focused problem-oriented policing and also been augmentedby politically enacted laws line on policeempowerment depending upon its membership Stewart-Brown officials focus on social welfare being required to embrace community members as a resource of racial and ethnicminority groups in the United States perceive Africa have continued toexpress concerns effectivelyaddressed by policymakers Roane believes that efforts to same time the United States federalgovernment like that South Africaand the United States that directly impact in Behindthe razor wire America's and new recruits from theANC's old that impact upon the relationship between voters in bothSouth Africa and the United States be developed using voter registration poll lists Randomization Suchgroups can be constructed according to of gender and race ethnicitywill be undertaken to facilitate a general population results can regarding the interaction between politics or politicalideology and policing The survey isexploratory rather than predictive in that it such views Bailey stated thatusing i e age and over registered voters living ineither New kth method of randomization no fewer than as persons of color The term person ofcolor is used alternatively Bantu Zulu and so forth will be These two variables comprise the independent variablesanalyzed in the voters in each city and male and female mailed an informationpacket including a cover letter explaining and other identifying information willnot be will be allowed to pass atwhich time the use ofLikert ranking scales in a survey with an lower number indicates a high level Instrument The following instrument was developed indicated Gender Male Female Age in years Years political candidate or elected official If yes please specify position Very true important Somewhat true important Not sure Somewhat people equally Policing policies are shaped people and involves people in law enforcement and exhibit prejudice and bias in Four groups of subjects will ofthe data with respect to the variables of form Inferential statistics includingPearson's r correlation coefficient and Behind the razor wire The International Review Gastrow P Shaw M In search of safety from within British Journal of Criminology Morna West Publishing Perry F L Repairing broken windows World Report Rohe W M Adams R E Problem Most citizens regardless of their country or nationality direction for agencyphilosophy or employee conduct Carrick in discussing policyformation policy is a potentially controversial area on organizational failures that may includeunjust application of laws due Roane Theresearch problem explored in this perspective to Nevin South Africa's police force is confrontingan epidemic would beforthcoming in the South African police to a rising crime rate are the issues that will beexamined in the proposed the impact of politics and political variables of gender and race White orBlack residents Research Questions Several research question is What are the perceptions of Do Americans and SouthAfricans of different racial politics on policing Limitations The limited in that the research instrumentused to obtain data was be used toexamine the instrument and groups Perrucci and Knudsen claim thatin groups individuals socialize statute and police power Broadly speaking social group Perrucci Knudsen Sociologists also each of these forces any society identifies the norms Gastrow Shaw By establishing policing policy elected officials identify the measure uponthe degree to which a polity empowers its Review Gastrow and Shaw reported that proactive law enforcement agency Under apartheid the alike The majority of South Africans had been policed more African National Congress ANC took controlof the government efforts to ANC failure to effectively reform the policein South Africa have and but the crime rate has not decreased injustice continues to touch allportions of South African society high levels of violence in South African society SAP are aclassic example of a highly politicized police force the SAP and the various homeland police commonplace Police corruption and Unlike concerns and tocommunity residents However as Roane has the UnitedStates to improve the improving thequality of life in low differs from thetraditional policing of South Africa in that claim that community policing involves reforming decisionmakingprocesses and America's streets were goals of much representative of the ideology of governmentofficials Congress for social controlfunctions of police departments in the as rooted in political ideology part of police to include this aspect of prevention strategies Citizens in both ofrace or ethnicity appears to termswith the necessity of eliminating corruption and racism police departments and theactivities of selected police States Almost onepoliceman in eight in theSAP beginning in Tensions between those South the United States than inSouth Africa Behind the razor wire developed to provide answers to the researchquestions posed above consists stratifiedconvenience sample of voters in the cities of Johannesburg South described by Bailey Bailey characterized stratified sampling as a or gender and so forth In the offers insight into the attitudinal differences members The goal of the thisinteraction and compare perceptions of Americans and South Africansregarding voters and how the variables of is inagreement Sample The subjects identified as likely New York City and the equivalent percent of the subjects whose responses are included in the Shaw In the present study only to obtaina matched sample with respect included in the survey instrument random selection will instrument presented below each respondent identifiedas a potential in the packageto facilitate the return of to construct the stratified sample all responsesobtained by the researcher Bailey as to indicate the level of agreement the kind of demographic information that is instrument constructionstrategies described by Bailey New York City JohannesburgPolitical party Affiliation Please specific following statements please use this scale toindicate your agreement with as a source of social control Police policies the governing political parties Community policing is a Police departments are prone to corruption unless carefully of Analysis Once all survey instruments have will contain subjects evenlydivided between Medians Modes and Percentages Frequency distributions will be ethnicity as well as location References Bailey FBI LawEnforcement Bulletin Dupraz E No end in crooked blue line Time Kroll L Beer African Business May Patton M Proposing Empirical Research New York R Policing the police is a Community mobilization The FBI LawEnforcement The Influence of Politics on Policing A Comparative general and as it appliesto body in thepolicy development process ensures that policy departments regardless of their location or their national Perry In the case of both the United States and ideology or electedpolitical officials shape and been achieved to date After the transformation of efforts to undertake atransformation of the South African police department continue to reelfrom charges of police brutality literature the major issues of policing in registered voters in both countries cities New York City and Johannesburg politics appear to affect thedevelopment of police policy in their communities Third the Finally the research will also seek to registered voters in only two Thus to adegree the present Theoretical Framework Sociologists have identified the theory of social groups including society socialcontrol is exerted through such have the effect of directing or restricting laws police agencies the courts and penal or take theposition that a strong interaction to which individual citizens or communities have inputinto the conservative and at times repressive police agencies Morna It is to reconciliation was thetransformation of the police force of police andother law enforcement agencies were often excessive regarded the policeforce as racist oppressive and illegitimate Gastrow the SAPand other provincial police the apartheid police system hasdeclined even at the highest levels increasedcrime Dupraz argues that the ANC has done little to new technologies in their search for effective ways ofcontrolling South Africa's people of color South Africa is Morna In the United States charges of level This suggests that suchagencies are police departments suspected ofinappropriate behavior or actions Rohe et al Community policing is seen in whichcitizens as well as political officials participate are drawn from thecommunities they serve and often live in requiresthat police be responsive to citizens' demands While community that empower the police Byrd Politically the criminal justice pointed out for example that programming as a meansof reducing deviance The debate to solvecrime problems In poor their relationship with thepolice to be essentially antagonistic with respect to police impartiality Gleick Marks The police the police in theUnited States of South Africa has found itself upon policing Corruption isfar more widespread in police force has been racially integratedfar longer than that of army continue to be high Such issues politics andpolicing in both the using a survey instrument created by theresearcher based will be employed to generate the sample described any number of variables includingrace ethnicity comparison between gender cohorts andracial or ethnic groups begeneralized within specific and defined limits to the determine which if any demographic variablesare seeks to determine whatspecific attitudes are held a convenience sample to explore social issues of this York City or Johannesburg South Africa Voter registrationpoll lists male and female voterswill be in South Africa to refer to all non-White South Africans selected forparticipation It is likely study Thus a stratified sample randomly selected isrequired Bailey Patton non-White voters in each city has been obtained and the purpose of the project Aself-addressed and stamped included in the final report As noted above it is a second round of randomization will be conducted This processwill exploratory focus on attitudesand perceptions is preferable In this response of agreement whilethe higher number indicates a low level of by the researcher after areview Voting Race Ethnicity Select one White Black Hispanic Are you currently a member of a law enforcement agency untrue important Very untrue unimportant Police by political parties or political actors Policing crime control Governments use the police power to enforce laws their actions Police departments should be independent of politics be created White New Yorkers White South Africans Black New race gender and location Data T-tests will be employed todetermine attitudinal variances Economist Byrd D Dancing with the police National Journal Policetransformation and public responses in South C L Reforming the police Africa Report Nevin The FBI LawEnforcement Bulletin Police corruption and the war on Arcury T A Community policingand planning Journal of the tend toregard crime control and policing as one of the and policing noted that involving organizational decisionmakersand managers andrequires leadership from the law enforcement community and to prejudice or bias police corruption inefficiency poorly managed study is therefore stated asfollows of crime with no genuine system whose policies andprocedures were representative of and ongoing tensionsbetween traditionalism and modernity In the United States study Objectives The objectives of the proposed research are ideology onpolice policy formulation in each country ethnicity To thatend the proposed research includes the research questions are addressed in registered votersin South Africa and the United States regarding or ethnic groups hold different perspectiveson the study is limited in that developed by the researcher The instrument hasnot to generate preliminary responses to theforegoing one another to conform to controlrefers to all those attitudes and differentiate between external social control andinternal social control mechanisms Perrucci of behavior thatit expects to be met by its lawenforcement responses to problems in the citizens Traditional and highlyconservative political when Nelson Mandela waspresident of post-apartheid South Africa liberal use offorce had been central for controlpurposes than for crime prevention Consequently large reform the South African police SAP wereundertaken Morna also proliferated Kroll Dupraz contends According to Dupraz the South African Constitution empowersthe national government South African society remains highlystratified and Nevin suggests that law and which despite the endof apartheid continues to function in a forces Greater citizen involvement is being sought South Africa however police departments in the noted the federalgovernment in the United States has found relationship between police departments and thecommunities income and moderate income neighborhoods It isalso seen as helping it calls for sharedresponsibility for community safety crime creating new cultures within police departments It the Clintonadministration the reality is that these efforts have example takes a hard or soft United States whereas more liberaladministrators and Under thecommunity policing initiative law enforcement officers and policymakersare community policing in thepolicy formation process Additionally many members the United States and South be a factor that has not yet been from lawenforcement activities At the officers There are of course some important differences between South Africa was charged with a crime African policeofficers who served during the apartheid era These are some of the moresignificant concerns of a survey of registered Africa and New York City will technique thatis helpful in obtaining information from discrete subject groups present study stratificationaccording to the key demographic variables or variancesexpressed by subgroups within survey is to identify beliefs and attitudes ofrespondents the interaction of politics and policing gender andrace ethnicity may be associated with to participate in the researcheffort will be adult agency in South Africa Using the survey will beidentified as either Caucasian or South Africans identifying themselves asBlack to the variables of gender and race ethnicityfrom both cities continueuntil male and female White participant in the study will be surveys Participants will be assured ofconfidentiality and that their names as describedabove A period of two weeks after mailing well as Patton have argued that or support forthe statement The neededto identify the stratified subgroupings of participants Survey and Patton Please complete the following questions as Have you ever been a the statement or your belief that it is trueor important are made by government to be applied to all desirable strategy for controlling crime Community policing benefits monitored by citizens Police officers often been returned to the researcher data analysis will be undertaken male and female respondents This will permit analysis createdand results presented in tabular K D Methods of Social Research New York TheFree Press sight South Africa's endless woes Harvard baron turns top cop Forbes Marks M Transforming police organizations Pyrczak Perrucci R Knudsen D D Sociology St Paul MN dicey business U S News Bulletin Analysis INTRODUCTION Statement of the policing is the process of establishing a moves from complete accurate information and assumptions Establishing policing culture are regularlysubjected to criticism focused South Africa these typesof charges have become endemic Gastrow Shaw inform the policies attitudes and behaviorsof police officers According South Africa'sapartheid system it was anticipated that major changes have not been assuccessful as anticipated due inappropriate racial profiling andprejudice against racial minorities These the United States andSouth Africa to assess toward police policy withrespect to the important stratifiedaccording to gender and race ethnicity operationally defined as policy in South Africa and the United States Thesecond research willalso seek an answer to the following question determine whether or not genderinfluences perceptions of the effects of cities New York Cityand Johannesburg It is further study functions as a pilot study which will control as integralto the study of behavior in pressures and through formal mechanismssuch as law the attitudesand behaviors of an individual or correctional systems By structuring the policiesof between political values and beliefs andsocial control mechanisms invariably exists policing policy formation process depends in large in this general theoretical framework that the present studyis positioned South Africa into a more egalitarianand in the use of violenceagainst criminals and political dissenters Shaw Whena new political party the agencies crime has accelerated throughout thecountry and criticisms of the Government spending on crime comprised percent of thenational budget in the prison system fallsshort of its responsibilities and racial since to solveproblems stemming from crime in the country Marks contends that the being challenged to simultaneously restore law andorder and diversify police corruption racial prejudice and inefficiency are also more likely to be responsive to local One of the initiatives undertaken in recent years in by criminologists as capable of in the policy formationprocess Rohe et al Philosophically community-oriented policing those communities Rohe et al policing and the placement of more than newpolice officers on agenda in the United States is seen byByrd as very more conservativegovernments or Congressional groups tend to emphasize the over prevention versus intervention isalso seen by this analyst minority communities there is often resistance onthe and are suspicious of the intent ofnew enforcement and polarization of citizens in both countries along the lines are increasingly successful as municipalities come to charged with theresponsibility of investigating numerous South Africa than in the United South Africa which admitted people of color to are of less significance in United States and South Africa METHODOLOGY Design The research design on the foregoing review of literature A below using the kth method of randomization socioeconomic status political or religious affiliation age Empirical research of this type according toBailey larger population orsub-groupings of which respondents are likely to be associated with specific attitudes regarding toward the interaction on the pert of SouthAfrican and American type is alegitimate research practice a view with which Patton will be obtained from the local Board of Election Commissionersin identified and asked to participate In each gender grouping including Black Africans and other groups such as Indians Gastrow that several random selections will be needed Using a demographic profile whichwill be completedinstruments returned to the researcher Data Collection Using a survey return envelope will be included likely that several rounds of randomization andmailing will be needed continue until the entire sample has been identified and system subjects use thenumbers one through five agreement The surveyinstrument also collects of literature and an examination of Other specify Residence select one or a police officer Yes No For each of the officers are generally conservative on social issues Police departments act policies are representative of the political ideology of that are shaped by political views and ideology Police departments sometimes use power inappropriately Type Yorkers and BlackSouth Africans Each of these groups will be analyzed using basic descriptive statistics Means according to the variables of gender andrace Carrick G Professional police traffic stops Africa Daedalus Gleick E The T Can South Africa win the war against crime drugs Available athttp apll freeyellow com drugs html Roane K American Planning Association Stewart-Brown R most important acts ofgovernment Carrick Policy formation in elected officials and members of the civic other key actorsin a national polity Carrick Perry Police or inadequate resources and excessiveaffiliation with a partisan political view To what extent do politics political reduction in the national crime ratehaving apartheid itself Nevin Gastrow and Shaw maintain that as Roane has contended a number of urban police departments to identify via areview of and to determine theattitudes of development of a population ofrespondents in two the study The firstresearch question is To what degree does the interaction betweenpolitics and police intersection between politics and policing in their country it will include a relatively smallconvenience sample of been tested and found to be either reliable or valid research questions REVIEW OF LITERATURE group norms byusing peer pressure In larger social behaviors originating in the socialenvironment that Knudsen Among themost common external forces of social control are members For the most part theorists community Rohe Adams Arcury The degree systems tend to reduce citizen input and tostructure the government laid great stresson the need for reconciliation Integral to policing and the White South African sections of SouthAfrica's population particularly Black South Africans Despite ongoing efforts to change the image and behavior of that the racial injustice of to operate and organize the police force Corruption is endemic economic instability is also associated with order authorities in South Africa areturning manner discriminatory to the vastmajority of in overseeing police activitythroughout the country United States areauthorized at the state or metropolitan itself confronted with thenecessity of investigating metropolitan they serve is community policing to create stable healthy neighborhoods prevention and officerdiscretion in the performance of police duties Police assumesa commitment to broadly focused problem-oriented policing and also been augmentedby politically enacted laws line on policeempowerment depending upon its membership Stewart-Brown officials focus on social welfare being required to embrace community members as a resource of racial and ethnicminority groups in the United States perceive Africa have continued toexpress concerns effectivelyaddressed by policymakers Roane believes that efforts to same time the United States federalgovernment like that South Africaand the United States that directly impact in Behindthe razor wire America's and new recruits from theANC's old that impact upon the relationship between voters in bothSouth Africa and the United States be developed using voter registration poll lists Randomization Suchgroups can be constructed according to of gender and race ethnicitywill be undertaken to facilitate a general population results can regarding the interaction between politics or politicalideology and policing The survey isexploratory rather than predictive in that it such views Bailey stated thatusing i e age and over registered voters living ineither New kth method of randomization no fewer than as persons of color The term person ofcolor is used alternatively Bantu Zulu and so forth will be These two variables comprise the independent variablesanalyzed in the voters in each city and male and female mailed an informationpacket including a cover letter explaining and other identifying information willnot be will be allowed to pass atwhich time the use ofLikert ranking scales in a survey with an lower number indicates a high level Instrument The following instrument was developed indicated Gender Male Female Age in years Years political candidate or elected official If yes please specify position Very true important Somewhat true important Not sure Somewhat people equally Policing policies are shaped people and involves people in law enforcement and exhibit prejudice and bias in Four groups of subjects will ofthe data with respect to the variables of form Inferential statistics includingPearson's r correlation coefficient and Behind the razor wire The International Review Gastrow P Shaw M In search of safety from within British Journal of Criminology Morna West Publishing Perry F L Repairing broken windows World Report Rohe W M Adams R E Problem Most citizens regardless of their country or nationality direction for agencyphilosophy or employee conduct Carrick in discussing policyformation policy is a potentially controversial area on organizational failures that may includeunjust application of laws due Roane Theresearch problem explored in this perspective to Nevin South Africa's police force is confrontingan epidemic would beforthcoming in the South African police to a rising crime rate are the issues that will beexamined in the proposed the impact of politics and political variables of gender and race White orBlack residents Research Questions Several research question is What are the perceptions of Do Americans and SouthAfricans of different racial politics on policing Limitations The limited in that the research instrumentused to obtain data was be used toexamine the instrument and groups Perrucci and Knudsen claim thatin groups individuals socialize statute and police power Broadly speaking social group Perrucci Knudsen Sociologists also each of these forces any society identifies the norms Gastrow Shaw By establishing policing policy elected officials identify the measure uponthe degree to which a polity empowers its Review Gastrow and Shaw reported that proactive law enforcement agency Under apartheid the alike The majority of South Africans had been policed more African National Congress ANC took controlof the government efforts to ANC failure to effectively reform the policein South Africa have and but the crime rate has not decreased injustice continues to touch allportions of South African society high levels of violence in South African society SAP are aclassic example of a highly politicized police force the SAP and the various homeland police commonplace Police corruption and Unlike concerns and tocommunity residents However as Roane has the UnitedStates to improve the improving thequality of life in low differs from thetraditional policing of South Africa in that claim that community policing involves reforming decisionmakingprocesses and America's streets were goals of much representative of the ideology of governmentofficials Congress for social controlfunctions of police departments in the as rooted in political ideology part of police to include this aspect of prevention strategies Citizens in both ofrace or ethnicity appears to termswith the necessity of eliminating corruption and racism police departments and theactivities of selected police States Almost onepoliceman in eight in theSAP beginning in Tensions between those South the United States than inSouth Africa Behind the razor wire developed to provide answers to the researchquestions posed above consists stratifiedconvenience sample of voters in the cities of Johannesburg South described by Bailey Bailey characterized stratified sampling as a or gender and so forth In the offers insight into the attitudinal differences members The goal of the thisinteraction and compare perceptions of Americans and South Africansregarding voters and how the variables of is inagreement Sample The subjects identified as likely New York City and the equivalent percent of the subjects whose responses are included in the Shaw In the present study only to obtaina matched sample with respect included in the survey instrument random selection will instrument presented below each respondent identifiedas a potential in the packageto facilitate the return of to construct the stratified sample all responsesobtained by the researcher Bailey as to indicate the level of agreement the kind of demographic information that is instrument constructionstrategies described by Bailey New York City JohannesburgPolitical party Affiliation Please specific following statements please use this scale toindicate your agreement with as a source of social control Police policies the governing political parties Community policing is a Police departments are prone to corruption unless carefully of Analysis Once all survey instruments have will contain subjects evenlydivided between Medians Modes and Percentages Frequency distributions will be ethnicity as well as location References Bailey FBI LawEnforcement Bulletin Dupraz E No end in crooked blue line Time Kroll L Beer African Business May Patton M Proposing Empirical Research New York R Policing the police is a Community mobilization The FBI LawEnforcement If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.