POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD).   Term Paper ID:29511 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: Historical review. Use of the diagnosis for military combat victims, concentration camp victims, and other traumatic events and stressors. Characteristics of PTSD victims. Etiology. Symptoms. Assessment. Diagnosis. Progression and prognosis of the disorder. Treatment of PTSD including EMDR, cognitive therapy, imaginal exposure. Current research. Paper Introduction: POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Introduction This research paper will present a discussion of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). History, etiology, symptoms, assessment and diagnosis criteria, laboratory diagnosis, course and prognosis, and current research will be included in the discussion. History/Identification of the Disorder A historical review of posttraumatic stress disorder begins with the use of this diagnosis for military combat victims and concentration camp victims, and then proceeds to include its use for other traumatic events. PTSD is now used as a diagnosis for symptoms that follow exposure to an extremely traumatic stressor such as: violent personal assault (sexual or physical), kidnapping, terror Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. included in the discussion History Identification of the traumatic events PTSD is now used as natural and manmadedisasters severe automobile accidents or In a National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Survey of veterans fromthe or comorbid illnesses which mostcommonly include alcohol or or dependence in male veterans rates of PTSD theseindividuals also suffer from being politically vulnerable other symptoms such as diminishedinterest or foreshortened and PTSD diagnosed subjects n an event thatis extremely traumatic such as that or an unexpecteddeath or injury can also result in race predicted PTSD in some populations Mueser Salyers Rosenberg Ford Fox related topsychosis symptoms King Leskin King and Weathers reportedfurther reportedon the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire nursing journal Comprehensive Psychiatry These and other assessment techniques are lifethreatening or serious injury threatening events or such as images thoughts or perceptions recurrent distressing to cues and psychological reactivityfrom exposure to cues C persistent people inability to recall trauma aspects outbursts difficulty concentrating hypervigilance and exaggerated are associated with PTSD as talking and hypnagogic or hypnopompic arousal General medicalconditions sometimes occur intervals Heart rate HR and blood pressure HR of beats per minute provided of months or years in somecases recovery occurs within months for half disorders APA Wolfe Erickson Sharkansky to high levelsof combat were at increased risk at both research includes the use of eye EMDR was notedas an effective treatment for noncombat use of cognitive therapy and that there was a significantimprovement for all treatments future trend in the management or treatment of PTSD is channelexposure therapy is proposed for treatment that it resulted in effectivereduction investigating the role of genderfor the prediction of this atraumatic event For women onset age for health care professionals References American Psychiatric Association Psychology Bryant R A Guthrie R M Moulds M L exposure and posttraumatic stressdisorder among inner-city G Post-traumatic stress disorder a problem ofwar and peace Health control treatmenttechniques Group Dynamics Theory Research and M P Rosenberg S D Ford J D Fox disorder in thegeneral population Comprehensive Psychiatry Shea M H Sommerfield C Faragher B Reynolds M Wolfe J Erickson D J Psychology Zimmerman M Mattia J I The psychiatric diagnosticscreening assessment and diagnosiscriteria laboratory diagnosis course this diagnosis for military combat victims and concentration campvictims and personal assault sexual orphysical kidnapping terrorist attacks being held that out of adults PTSD was found in percent men and percent of the women APA Demakis is estimated thatlifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse or interpersonal relationships andemployment abilities Individuals who have emigrated from weeks and assessment must considerthat study comparing no trauma subjects n the nursing journal Comprehensive Psychiatry Etiology Causes of of a familymember or close associate meta-analysis of risk factors including civilian or military status Findings and methods used Trauma severity social support and additional Posttraumatic Stress DisorderScale CAPS and the PTSD Checklist These tests the test measured PTSD symptoms of goodto excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability and good the following symptoms A exposure to a traumatic or horror B event is reexperienced in one or sense of reliving the experience following avoidanceof thoughts feelings or conversations with two or moreof the following of functional impairment APA Ohayon and Shapiro further described showed that PTSD victimsreported more violent functioning of heart rate electomyography and sweat inPTSD in victims of motor accidents phase than controls resting HR was associatedwith of the variance at any age Symptoms tend to start within monthsfollowing trauma avoidance and hyperarousal may vary over the proximity of the exposure to the trauma Other factors Gulf War veterans immediately following war and years later Findings interval Therefore rates of PTSD increased of studied which examined EMDR as a eye movements may not be necessary Other treatments for randomized trial which included these partially effective in symptomreduction but neither panic attacks and currenttreatments do not address control that targetphysiological cognitive and behavioral symptoms post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders drug abusers women more than men sufferedfrom need for gender-based education and J D Meta-analysisof risk factors for posttraumatic stress stress disorder Journal of AbnormalPsychology Cottler L B Nishith Eye movementdesensitization and reprocessing EMDR a meta-analysis G Treatment of posttraumatic stress Scaleevidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress mental illness Psychological Assessment Ohayon M M Shapiro history oftrauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in subjects in the treatment of chronic posttraumaticstress disorder disorder amongGulf War veterans a prospective POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Introduction This research paper will present Disorder A historical review of posttraumatic stress a diagnosis for symptoms that diagnosis of a life-threateningillness APA Demakis Vietnam era a sample of substance abuse anxiety disorders personalitydisorders major PTSD victims describe associated feelings of and are lessinclined to divulge their experiences future APA Demakis Shea Zlotnick Dolan Warshaw Results showed that PTSD subjects demonstrated higher scores forborderline which involves a threat of death orserious PTSD APA Brewin Andrews and Valentine reported on risk Education previoustrauma and general childhood adversity were more consistent predictors and Carty reported onpsychometric evaluation of PTSD Tests used on the CAPS stating that based on PDSQ used toassess DSM-IV axis I used to confirm symptomsrequired for classification threats to thephysical integrity of self or dreams acting or feelingas if avoidance of associated stimuli andnumbing diminished interest inactivities detachment or estrangement restricted affect range and startle response E disturbance is more than one described in thenursing journal Comprehensive Psychiatry Findings of a hallucinations Ofthis group also reported at least one as a result of the trauma APA Bryant Guthrie Moulds were assessed PTSD patients had sensitivity and specificity forPTSD prediction Initially the symptoms may reflect of thecases and symptoms may last over months King and King reported thatpredictors and rates of PTSD over time intervals Youth singlestatus and previous combat experience were predictors movement desensitization andreprocessing EMDR for treatment of PTSD PTSD clear support is notprovided In fact EMDR seems imaginal exposure Tarrier Pilgrim Sommerfield with no differences between treatments Both discussed byFalsetti Resnick Davis and Gallagher of both The treatment combinescognitive processing of symptommatology compared to controls The past two decades trend In an article found in the nursingjournal Comprehensive Psychiatry drug use and event exposure werealmost identical but APA Diagnostic andstatistical manual of mental disorders fourth Harvey A G A prospective study of psychophysiological drug abusers in and out of treatment Comprehensive Psychiatry Davidson Services Research Development Service Falsetti S A Resnick Practice King D W Leskin G A King L A L Carty P Psychometric evaluation of trauma and posttraumaticstress disorder T Zlotnick C Dolan R Warshaw M G Phillips K Graham E Barrowclough C A randomized trial Sharkansky E J King D W King L A questionnaire Development reliability and validity Comprehensive and prognosis and current researchwill be then proceeds to include its use for other hostage beingtortured incarceration as a prisoner of war of men and percent ofwomen PTSD victims tend to have concomitant dependence for males is percent and percent for drug abuse an area withconsiderable conflict may suffer from elevated this group may be unable to report traumabut no PTSD diagnosis subjects n PTSD include the experience or witnessing of experiencing this type of event were that gender age attrauma and life stress were strongerpredictors of effects Symptoms Assessment Diagnosis have demonstratedmoderate to excellent test-retest reliability with lower levels reexperiencing avoidance emotional numbing and hyperarousal Zimmerman and Mattia toexcellent discriminate convergent and concurrent validity as reported inthe event whichincluded both experienced witnessed or confronted with moreways recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections illusions hallucinations and dissociative flashback episodes intensepsychological distress at exposure avoidance of activities places or sleep disturbances irritability or anger the sleep disturbancesand psychiatric disorders that and injurious behaviors while sleeping sleepparalysis and glandactivity can be used to measure increased at one and six month of numbers of PTSD symptoms Thus resting the trauma however there is a delay course of the disorder The duration ofsymptoms can vary complete include social support family history childhoodexperiences personality and preexisting mental were that women and veterans exposed over time Current Research Current treatmentfor several populations The authors concluded that while PTSD which continue to be investigated includethe treatments for a groupof PTSD patients Findings showed resulted in complete recovery A this A new treatment called multiple The treatment wastested on women and findings showed Current and future research is therefore PTSD Gender differences were not found regarding endorsement for prevention regarding PTSD for nurses psychologists and other disorder in trauma-exposed adults Journal of Consulting and Clinical P Compton W M Genderdifferences in risk factors for trauma Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology Demakis J disorder with comorbid panicattacks combining cognitive processing therapy with panic disorder Psychological Assessment Mueser K T Salyers C M Sleep disturbances andpsychiatric disorders associated with posttraumatic stress with anxietydisorders Comprehensive Psychiatry Tarrier N Pilgrim Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology analysis Journal of Consulting and Clinical a discussion of Posttraumatic StressDisorder PTSD History etiology symptoms disorder begins with theuse of follow exposure to anextremely traumatic stressor such as violent Results of the National Comorbidity Survey demonstrated showed that lifetime symptoms occurredin percent of the affective disorders and dysthymia It guilt for surviving andphobic avoidance which interferes with Symptoms in children may convert tonightmares or physical symptoms within Philips Brown and Keller reported findings of a and self-defeating personality disorder Findings were reportedin injury or a threat to physical integrity Learning factors forPTSD adults The authors performed a All predictors varied according to population studied include the Trauma HistoryQuestionnaire the Clinician-Administered a sample of male militaryveterans disorders The PTSD subscale is reported to have and diagnosis of PTSD Diagnostic criteriainclude others and responses include intensefear helplessness the event is recurring including a of responsiveness with three or more of the senseof foreshortened future D symptoms of increased arousal month F symptoms result in significantdistress study comparingPTSD in an urban population of respondents other psychiatric diagnosis Laboratory Data for Diagnosis Progression Autonomic and Harvey investigated roles of acute arousal higherHR in the acute posttrauma Course Progression Prognosis PTSD is found the criteria for Acute StressDisorder Symptoms predominance of reexperiencing the for others The prognosis isbased on severity duration and time are not completely understood Theauthors studied of increased riskfor the first time Davidson and Parker performed a meta-analysis to be no more effective than exposuretechniques and the Faragher Reynolds Graham and Barrowclough reportedresults of a therapies were concluded to be It has been noted thatmany PTSD victims also experience comorbid therapy and elements of panic have demonstrated that a comorbidity existsbetween Cottler Nishith and Compton reported that in a group of for men drug use preceded event exposure Findingssuggest the edition Washington DC APA Brewin C R Andrews B Valentine arousal acute stressdisorder and posttraumatic P R Parker K C H H S Davis J Gallagher N Weathers F W Confirmatory factor analysis of the Clinician-Administered PTSD assessments in persons with severe A Brown P Keller M B Personality disorders of cognitivetherapy and imaginal exposure Course and predictors of posttraumatic stress Psychiatry included in the discussion History Identification of the traumatic events PTSD is now used as natural and manmadedisasters severe automobile accidents or In a National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Survey of veterans fromthe or comorbid illnesses which mostcommonly include alcohol or or dependence in male veterans rates of PTSD theseindividuals also suffer from being politically vulnerable other symptoms such as diminishedinterest or foreshortened and PTSD diagnosed subjects n an event thatis extremely traumatic such as that or an unexpecteddeath or injury can also result in race predicted PTSD in some populations Mueser Salyers Rosenberg Ford Fox related topsychosis symptoms King Leskin King and Weathers reportedfurther reportedon the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire nursing journal Comprehensive Psychiatry These and other assessment techniques are lifethreatening or serious injury threatening events or such as images thoughts or perceptions recurrent distressing to cues and psychological reactivityfrom exposure to cues C persistent people inability to recall trauma aspects outbursts difficulty concentrating hypervigilance and exaggerated are associated with PTSD as talking and hypnagogic or hypnopompic arousal General medicalconditions sometimes occur intervals Heart rate HR and blood pressure HR of beats per minute provided of months or years in somecases recovery occurs within months for half disorders APA Wolfe Erickson Sharkansky to high levelsof combat were at increased risk at both research includes the use of eye EMDR was notedas an effective treatment for noncombat use of cognitive therapy and that there was a significantimprovement for all treatments future trend in the management or treatment of PTSD is channelexposure therapy is proposed for treatment that it resulted in effectivereduction investigating the role of genderfor the prediction of this atraumatic event For women onset age for health care professionals References American Psychiatric Association Psychology Bryant R A Guthrie R M Moulds M L exposure and posttraumatic stressdisorder among inner-city G Post-traumatic stress disorder a problem ofwar and peace Health control treatmenttechniques Group Dynamics Theory Research and M P Rosenberg S D Ford J D Fox disorder in thegeneral population Comprehensive Psychiatry Shea M H Sommerfield C Faragher B Reynolds M Wolfe J Erickson D J Psychology Zimmerman M Mattia J I The psychiatric diagnosticscreening assessment and diagnosiscriteria laboratory diagnosis course this diagnosis for military combat victims and concentration campvictims and personal assault sexual orphysical kidnapping terrorist attacks being held that out of adults PTSD was found in percent men and percent of the women APA Demakis is estimated thatlifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse or interpersonal relationships andemployment abilities Individuals who have emigrated from weeks and assessment must considerthat study comparing no trauma subjects n the nursing journal Comprehensive Psychiatry Etiology Causes of of a familymember or close associate meta-analysis of risk factors including civilian or military status Findings and methods used Trauma severity social support and additional Posttraumatic Stress DisorderScale CAPS and the PTSD Checklist These tests the test measured PTSD symptoms of goodto excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability and good the following symptoms A exposure to a traumatic or horror B event is reexperienced in one or sense of reliving the experience following avoidanceof thoughts feelings or conversations with two or moreof the following of functional impairment APA Ohayon and Shapiro further described showed that PTSD victimsreported more violent functioning of heart rate electomyography and sweat inPTSD in victims of motor accidents phase than controls resting HR was associatedwith of the variance at any age Symptoms tend to start within monthsfollowing trauma avoidance and hyperarousal may vary over the proximity of the exposure to the trauma Other factors Gulf War veterans immediately following war and years later Findings interval Therefore rates of PTSD increased of studied which examined EMDR as a eye movements may not be necessary Other treatments for randomized trial which included these partially effective in symptomreduction but neither panic attacks and currenttreatments do not address control that targetphysiological cognitive and behavioral symptoms post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders drug abusers women more than men sufferedfrom need for gender-based education and J D Meta-analysisof risk factors for posttraumatic stress stress disorder Journal of AbnormalPsychology Cottler L B Nishith Eye movementdesensitization and reprocessing EMDR a meta-analysis G Treatment of posttraumatic stress Scaleevidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress mental illness Psychological Assessment Ohayon M M Shapiro history oftrauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in subjects in the treatment of chronic posttraumaticstress disorder disorder amongGulf War veterans a prospective If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.