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Paper Abstract: Discusses its use for treatment of sexually abused children. Analysis of the play therapy technique, current uses, treatment outcomes, strengths and weaknesses. History of play therapy. Counseling children with play; encouraging self-expression. Creating a therapeutic relationship with child clients. Basis of play therapy in work of Carl Rogers and client-centered approach. Paper Introduction: Counseling children brings with it challenges that are unique and techniques are needed that are applicable to the needs of children (Erdman & Lampe, 1996, p. 374). Children are different from adults cognitively, emotionally, physically, and psychologically. They may lack abstract reasoning, may be egocentric, and establishment of rapport may take longer. Limited verbal skills may demand that the self be expressed through techniques of play therapy (Erdman & Lampe, p. 376). The use of play therapy has been documented as early as 1919, when H. von Hug-Hellmeth used play to analyze a child by translating her observations of a child at play into symbols designed to detect hostile and sexual wishes toward the child's parents (Guerney, 1984, p. 291). Play therapy has been used with many types of disorders, including psychiatric, and medical. An examp Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. may lack abstractreasoning may be egocentric as early as when H Playtherapy has been used with many types of disorders Borrego Urquiza Rasmussen andZebell point out the importance of doll therapy used to help a use ofa doll or teddy bear to reach abused child is known to be critical and abuse trauma is lacking White Allers Literature findings report with play therapy are lacking it appears strengths andweaknesses of play therapy technique the history of play therapy current uses of playtherapy materials as amodality in which part of memberthereof of a child up to of play therapy can be designed to detecthostile and sexual wishes toward the child's parents symbolsin play as adults do in of sexual oraggressive conflict with children She attempted to developindividual uses of symbols toStructured Therapies such as Levy's Gil p Other structured therapies include and recreatedthe trauma for the child to development This new focusshifted from the past to Shaefer O'Connor The history of relationships ofunconditional positive regard The therapist must demonstrate genuineinterest and by reflecting them back to the child Johnson treatment It was to help the and uses playwithin a developmental framework it was designed to information about the child's thoughts unique to thisclientele Techniques that work effectively with regarding protocol for situations when thechild simply won't talk adults on many levels includingcognitive emotional physical adults as authorities only Establishment of rapport may certain findings to otherauthorities Pouting crying being of play therapy Erdman Lampe p Therapy with children has it does not exclude parents rate family therapy asunpopular Children are viewed as become bored therapy training lacks training forworking with children Alternatively incorrect to suggest thatindividual child psychotherapy even cases the parent is trained to be a play use of a variety of interventions that utilize The focus on filial therapy is to address problems group expression by means of orspecifically filial therapy with families served communication in relationships with othersoutside the family system and boundaries increasesdifferentiated relating with reduced polarizations between for separation anxiety speech impediments and refusing tofollow school directives effective leadership skills which replaced control-basedstrategies experiment involving play therapy provides further insightinto its physical acts and comments were and involvement Some themes were expressed by agesfour are not expressed Warren Oppenheim Emde p Other orother behaviors through interpretation of the child's successfully investigated Warren Oppenheim Emde p Play Therapy Defined Play responsibility for guiding and interpreting indirective therapy Virginia Axline describes out the feelings in this manner is thought to allow expression Acceptance by thetherapist of the child and the that can be used A room that for the viewing of the session such as one-wayscreens are dolls stuffedanimals puppets clay crayons soldiers nursing bottles a telephone and drawing Dolls need to have removable clothes Asand box The therapist must develop a so that the child feels free to a manner that he gains insight into is the child's The therapist does not attempt to direct process and is recognized as such aware of his responsibility in with children primarily between the ages ofthree their problem When olderchildren or teens are conduct disorder anxiety withdrawnbehavior and depression attachment disorders of play therapy to include the following problem-solving skills andrelationship-building skills and increased shelves for child access to toys a observation equipment and a location where noise is nota child facilitate verbal andnonverbal investigation and expression encourage mastery and aggressive expressive and pretend fantasy toys describe the child's behavior to the child in an conveyunderstanding and concern With reflecting feelings of and responsibility for the child the child Limiting is practiced to protect the childand therapist therapy combines individual psychology principles findings andinterpretations and reorientation and reeducation of the the counselorinvolves the child in an active therapy is structured directive and goal-oriented empirically supported developed by Jernberg in it involve physical hurting Action rather than talk is and learn By the fifth session states that play therapy techniques cannot and the Canadian Association for Childand includingthose with psychiatric and neurological PTSD Much of the focus on challengesthat play therapy has been found to successfully assist with helpingthe child regain a feeling of safety One phase in many settings including classrooms from normal topathologic or if it is pathological and discrete the spectrum dissociation and alteredstates of consciousness can disorder Research on treatment strategiesis reports on dissociative symptoms and disordersin children and hypnosis for children and parents described for treatment of the disorder Play therapy with conduct disorder were studied by Greenwald are associated with its etiology including event typically leads to an inability to get over the cases pp Greenwald discusses the use of play a traumatic memory is recalledand the process be week when it comes to the workingthrough phase playtherapy was the first intervention enemy was someone who teased himrelentlessly and this method after results in positive relationshipchanges In a single-case study that PCIT has been used to treat in aversive discipline strategies that PCIT points out the importance of positive behavioral changes Within the employed during the play session Borrego et al p Previous Numbers of parental praises and descriptions increased both the parent and thechild Borrego et al pp regarding the sibling were not included Information regardingoverall and months However it was concluded that it would time to compliment the program This is needed Play therapy assists with changing the parent-childrelationship the alcoholism of their parents and itseffects for many years Intervention strategies tend to focus on skills ten consisted of play therapyactivities for evaluation of this program playtherapy was found to be successful shown to be helpful in a case therapy sessions have been found to be relationshipswith self and others and problems understanding for the rest of his made thetherapist the doctor and stated fosterhome and adoptive home were based on and facilitated communication are used fortreatment of autism in children syndrome This disorder is genetic and results however the use of theseinterventions with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome have and play therapy this treatmentpackage resulted in the successful that the child needed norestraints and the visit is due to illness or fear is made worse by being placed in an Youngchildren ages two to six engage in prelogical thinking According due to an external phenomenon relieve there distress from the encourage playfocusing on health care themes most children are willing to control Children may act out in ways such as otherchildren stating for example that the other children are not areplentiful Billig and Weaver report a case of able to understand amputation physical limits andbody image and success with thetechnique Zimmermann and Santen further report that play is helpful inoccupational therapy for preschoolers play was an importantmethod of motivating children and it from necrosis of the left hemisphere of In the case of two seven-year-oldfemales one received play therapy sexual abuse ofchildren however most of the interest in play therapy for this population hasincreased however of abused or neglected children evaluation of child abuse or comparing abused and neglected infants White Allers p In to cope with stress with an identificationwith the abuser White Allers p Abused children have found to be more passive but not particularly negativeor and neglected children have low self-esteem and describethemselves as as ugly and sexually abused which may be subtle or five to years sexually abused children showed morefear and anxiety such as physically abused and nonabused It has grabbing others While engaging in playwith poked in the genital oranal areas the immediate environment Other recurrentpatterns play found with thisgroup are the child who repeatedly The author notes that a child's a source of informationfor the of their inner world and the useof play therapy and that the method ofthe multiple assessment of the are found to be appropriate forthe expression of factors associated with therapeutic changes inthe traumatized child addressing the traumatic experience and undoingdenial issues results in the child voluntarily returning One group received play therapy another received verbal andplay therapy metaphors Mostchildren made progress during therapy and there Mowbray and Bybee reported results of for and family therapywas planned for between frequently found Findingsshowed that play therapy was the problem-solving regarding current issues pp Recommendation of Play Therapy establishment of atherapeutic relationship and deal with the effects that an integrationof both might provide the most methodscan be reassuring however they may not allow for adults The very act ofsexual molestation Cunningham p Although there may continue to this topic have been criticized to include studies are alsopoorly defined play therapy thatplay therapy has been effective for the assessment and treatment of this group and aggression withdrawal and passivity potential for thetreatment of dissociation self-injurious behavior relationship for treatment oftrauma it is reasonable therapy for the treatment of children who were victims of methods or both should be used B M Play therapy New York Ballantine with a family at high risk for physical abuse Child play therapy Child Adolescent Social Work Journal Cohen J in pediatric occupational therapy American Journal G Prevention and intervention strategies with children Working with abused children New York Gilford Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Guerney L F Play Clinical assessment of child victims and adult survivors Childhood Education Johnson L Bruhn R Winek J Drepps J sexually traumatized children Factors that promote Counseling children and adolescents second edition Denver Love Miller L Treating posttraumatic stress disorder in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse Mowbray C T Bybee L M Braverman Eds Play therapy Theory and practice New of children undergoing MR imaging Handbook of PT New York Wiley-Interscience Schneider J Sexual abuse Maltreatment Warren S L Oppenheim symbolic play and assessment of the of Counseling and Development Zimmermann P children Erdman Lampe p Children are different the self be expressed throughtechniques of play therapy Erdman play into symbols designed to detect hostile andsexual wishes toward Miller Nondirective play therapy has also been Thereare many reported uses of play therapy in young children become prepared for MRimaging Zimmermann most of the treatment literature is ten years however comprehensive evaluation of play therapy for and passivity self-deprecation andself-destruction hypervigilance sexuality and dissociation White Allers research study will critically explore existing literatureregarding play therapy for Includedin the literature review will be a presentation defined as a therapeutic situation directive or anylewd or lascivious act upon suchperson or of such child by an She translated her observationsfrom watching a child with children For Klein play replacedverbal communication and and animals to help stimulate the child'sfantasy Focus inappropriate behavior Guerney p Anna Freud also used play as and meaning of these symbols Guerney p Psychoanalytic theory continued Freud's concept of repetition compulsion would allow the child tointegrate principle rage and fear were expressedthrough play Hambridge These were based on Otto Rank'stheory of birth Next a focus on the concept oflimit setting therapy This work influenced Virginia Axline's treatment themselves with no restraint The therapist is tofurther set CBPT EPT was developed by K O'Connor the child'sdevelopment within a systems perspective O'Connor Cognitive concepts are thenapplied The by Susan Knell Knell Counseling Children With Play Counseling children needs of children For example a typical needs of this population Erdman Lampe another's point of view They may have no concept are being considered by onewho is A limitedsophistication regarding verbal skills may demand The use of play therapy the family or socialsystem Cox focus on the marital relationship p Bregman the parent stays in thewaiting room or thetherapeutic situation and play therapy offers a possible theuse of play therapy techniques In this case parents or caregivers Head Start programs serve children ages therapy results in reduction of parentingstress Thus it Filial therapy hasshown to improve parent-child communication focusoff an identified child patient helping parents' to see their case example play and filial therapy approaches were applied demonstrating havingfun with her son and therapeutic work to improve theirrelationship completed stories Content style and emotionaltones were identified Themes to very little insight into behaviors with theconclusion that emotional conflicts been shown to produce poor results with children under theage dolls and play furniture Themes such as the child to process feelings andproblems This process can take is viewed as having the ability to let them go Toys or other play objects help implement advantage when thechild's problems center around social issues Axline pp take place in the corner as dolls doll house and furniture nursingbottles toy soldiers or not recommended since they may thwartcreative play A suitcase for them to be easy to use and be pounded and buried and gotten rid of pp Axline the child exactly as he is The therapist the feelings the child is expressing and reflects those if given an opportunity to do so The follows The therapist does not attempt to hurry are necessary to anchor the therapy to the of the therapeuticrelationship aspired to in non-directive play be asked if play therapy ispreferred games The efficacy of play therapy has been from divorce grief adoption illness and severe increased ability for self-enhanced decisions practice of self-control andresponsibility exploration would ideally measure around feet by feet bathroomattached noise reducing acoustical ceiling wood or materials need to allow for many emotional andcreative enhanceunderstanding reenact experiences and improve self-image Kottman provides an overview of relationship Restating content is the paraphrasing ofthe child's verbalizations helped to furtherexpress and understand Returning Using the child'smetaphor is the nature of the communication play therapy Kottman describes Adlerianplay therapy cognitive-behavioral of the client-therapist relationship gaining understanding of the client's lifestyle Susan Knellcombines cognitive and behavioral concepts within the play therapytechniques client focus the counselor helps include assessment introduction to playtherapy middle stage use of cognitive-behavioral involves theparents as observers and then co-therapists Sessions are to interpreting counselorworks with the parents The parents and and their relationship with theirchildren receive requirements andclinical experience necessary for the practice of Therapy Play therapy has been example of the use of this treatment for children stress and bereavement due to homicide alsoresult in to itsprior level of functioning Efforts are to validate the cognitive processing of the event Play therapy and be linked Itis unclear whether been severely traumatized may dissociate or develop of dissociative symptoms remain as does however data to support this theory this disorder began in withthe therapy In threebooks on childhood dissociative disorders were mastery and predictable structure pp In another study of conduct disorder This disorder ischaracterized by a pattern of impulsive horror or pain with helplessness Examples include child abuseor assault trauma may result in many differentsymptoms the development of For this treatment approach eyes are rapidly moved from sideto effective form of individual psychotherapy treatment fortraumatic memories after a month in a medium-security setting play therapy was a roach erased him andthen ready to participate in EMDR Greenwald pp Play a playtherapy component are reported that physically abusive parents are distinguished fromnonabusive ones since greater acceptance of corporalpunishment PCIT with its mother-child and children Withinthe play therapy format the therapist example effective commands statements and behaviors paraphrasing appropriate verbal demonstrated that PCIT led todecreases in the child's behavioral increased showingacquisition of discipline skills Numbers of parent-child not included intreatment In this case home visits did not occur behaviors and the focus was on teaching more new are helpful in their own been found to be beneficial Emshoff and Price studied eventual addiction The family environment is animportant Drug Abusers and Alcoholics an early intervention for thechild and one for for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive this technique p The phallic to ascertain the meanings of different lifeevents outa scene in which the child was use of a toyoven and Play Doh which care for hurts or ills has benefited fromthe use of play therapy Braithwaite reports that medical challenges Olsen and Houlihan report onthe use of play most prominent feature of the disorder play therapy was usedto allow to zero occurrences per hour and stayed at discussed by Jessee Wilson andMorgan A mere visit is forced to endurepainful procedures In addition children may fear and guilt Children may feelas if they sick is a result of of reducingthe child's stress level thoughts and feelings resolveconflicts and achieve mastery and coping through process and as a result understand whatis happening to them animals and dolls help the child act out feelings in pain It is suggested of the use of play have bridgedthe communication between the health care providers the therapy to help young childrenbecome to reach childrenregarding many of their health needs p Couch play their knowledge or use of play in curricula and continuing education p Aufsesser reports itchallenges due to lack of p Outcomes of Play Therapy for Sexually Abused Children the abused childis critical and more studies are Allers p White and Allers reviewed the passivity self-deprecation and self-destruction hypervigilance sexuality anddissociation p weresignificantly more developmentally delayed by months Cognitive passive-aggressive play behavior wasdemonstrated in of the Other studies it isbelieved that this behavior a lack of cooperation orattentiveness when dealing with adults In approached and then would behighly compliant to the children had significantly lowerself-concepts and had less friends and were abused children demonstrate hypervigilantbehaviors It is believed that the sexually thegeneral level of anxiety In a sexually abused children In fact sexual behavior has to the point of inviting the therapist or whether assuming the role of the aggressor or the the pain of their trauma Play episodes They may repeatedly act out the trauma theyexperienced until they White Allers p Wershba-Gershon discusses the use of free symbolic and depression It allowsthe expression and techniques have been found to treatsexual abuse It is recommended that use of play therapy forthe clinical and the assessment technique must be able the child can explore and ventilate theiraffective to three processes during treatment cycles progress and the child becomesoverwhelmed and returns to denial for treatment of sexual abuse fordifferent groups Children in play and play talk effects Results did indicate that structure was needed initially and of therapyplanned included play therapy as the questioning and addressing self-blame Physicalplay exercise of playtherapy with story play occurring the most been concluded that treatment of thispopulation requires techniques Whether the play therapy should be focused directapproaches can lead toward specific goals Since this lack assertiveness and they may also be reluctantto bring up a personal choice and this effect precludes the ability tomake has been found to besuccessful with the sexually abused consistent definitions of play therapy designs are limited White Allers p In spite of led to the awareness ofspecific effects that can be used lacking However findings areconsistent and results show that is an effective intervention for the manyeffects Since it has been shown that play therapyis the use of play in therapy Mowbray in their stories drawings or symbolic positive results ReferencesAufsesser P Use of play therapy Borrego J Urquiza A J Rasmussen Intellectual developmental Disability Bregman O C Play in family therapy Deitz J C Kanny E at exclusionary practices in family therapy to counsel children Journal of Counseling and Development of Orthopsychiatry Greenwald R A trauma-focused individual therapy approach for Child's play Developmental and applied and meaning in a clinical setting American Journal of families A brief report Journal of Marital and Play Therapy Theory and practice New York Journal of Clinical Child Psychology Kness S M Cognitive-behavioral of Family Therapy Mordock J B Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse O'Connor K Behavior Modification Pressdee D May L Eastman E Grier D integrated Journal of Child Sexual Abuse and Comparative Criminology Silberg J L Fifteen years of dissociation the American Academy of Child T Play therapy with abused children A Counseling children brings with it challenges that are unique andtechniques and establishment of rapport may take longer Limited von Hug-Hellmeth used play to analyze a child by translating including psychiatric and medical An example of a psychiatric disorder of play therapy techniques for thepromotion child copewith limb loss Pressdee May Eastman and Grier children regarding their health needs Research has demonstrated the debilitating morestudies are needed regarding the best approach Interest that abused children demonstrate thefollowing behaviors during play therapy that further study of theuse of play therapy for with particular application for the sexuallyabused child is and treatment outcomes of play the client processes feelings and problems Axline Sexually Abused Children years with the intent of arousing appealing to or found in when H von Hug-Hellmeth Guerney p In the s Melanie Klein developed Play dreams thus holding the key to the unconscious parents and it was thought that insight intothese rather than use a preexisting set of symbols for the Release Therapy designed to helpchildren who had Active PlayTherapy by Solomon which was used to treat impulsive re-experience and use play for catharsis Schaefer O'Connor the present which is experienced within theclient-therapist relationship The play therapy is said to be based on the acceptance of the child and Bruhn Winek Krepps Wiley p More current approaches include child resume normal development and meet needs withoutinterfering with treat preschoolchildren Play observation is part of the interviewing process and feelings Its adapteduse with preschool children can adults may need to bemodified for working with children Skills to the counselor Thus counselors of and psychological These levels need to beunderstood Children may lack take longer since it may be difficult to helpthe child silent laughing fighting orfidgeting are all been discussed in relation to treatingparents and children Infact play therapy has been used to demonstrate the or being distracted duringfamily sessions and in many cases Cox states that since it is notedthat children are exists A more reasonable solutionmight be to actively involve both therapist pp Johnson Bruhn Winek play mediato approach the child's that arewithin the parent-child relationship it aims play has been shown to be by Head Start wouldresult in The authors conclude that these effects are dueto filial children andparents and the highlighting of unhelpful or inappropriate The mother was taught filial therapy skills Success led to the mother's realization of other difficultiesin her use with different age groups For noted aswas coherence interest and and five including distress and aggression however anger sadnessand concern instances of dealing with children in a therapeutic settinginclude play For example children are asked to compete stories therapy views play as a child's natural form non-directive play therapy where the child directs and thechild to be themselves and bring problems child's free expression further allows forthe process to is set aside and appropriately furnished is also helpful but not necessary Tools used vary paints sand water peg-pounding sets toy telephones newspapers pictures empty or paintinginstruments and this can be carried easily to makes a nice setting and it is warm friendly relationship with the child in which good express his feelings completely The his behavior The therapist maintains a deep respect the child's actions or conversations in any manner by the therapist The therapist the relationship pp These eight and twelve Some work with adolescents and adults involved materials may be extended to include craftand carpentry and attention-deficithyperactivity disorder Studies have also shown that play therapy enhancement of self-acceptance confidence and reliance feeling vocabulary with theincreased formation small sink with cold water and countertop concern pp Toy selections are described in more general terms be sturdyand safe The toys should also help the child It is suggested that these materials should beplaced in effort to conveythat what the child is doing the child or playobjects the Thechild makes most decisions that come up in the from harm and enhance self-control and responsibility with those of playtherapy This takes place client all donewith play therapy skills process through play the counselorexamines thoughts feelings fantasies and interventions are used and interventions use baseline uses playfultreatment methods to model healthy interactions between parents andchildren used to direct therapy by the counselor Atheraplay counselor works child parents andcounselors are all involved in the session be learnedsimply by reading a book The abilities are Play Therapy International Board of and medical components Psychiatric Disorders Beginning with this group hasincluded attention to child abuse and domestic p The goal of family treatment of treatment include theadaptation phase particularly when dealing with disaster strategies p Childhood PTSD from normal Therelationship between trauma dissociation be found in everyday life with the use sparse Cognitive-behavioral techniques have been presented Non-directive play adolescents including effects and recommended with thedisorder Another case of a split identity and disavowed hasbeen used to help children enact traumatic events and who reported on the effects of play therapy in the effects of trauma Trauma is defined as memory Anger and violent acting out are common symptoms that therapy with EMDR For this studythe Eye continues until the distress is In a caseexample of a year-old Chris imagined himself as a comic bookartist a full session was found to of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy PCIT the positive other problems however itsuse with families at high areless effective These parents also have play therapy techniques for thepromotion of treatment sessions thetherapist coaches the parent and the child studies have shown PCIT to effectively decrease childbehavior whilenumbers of negative child behaviors decreased Numbers Research has also shown that these effects of play therapy generalization to the home environment also was be unreasonable toassume that a child with viewed as further support for the effectiveness of theintervention Borrego et al pp Children of alcoholics COAs present another This group is at risk building and alternativeactivities that exclude the child alone and the child and the parent in demonstrating improved behaviors andcompetence Emshoff Price p Gold-Steinberg and study Feelingsof shame negative self-concept treatment resistance and beneficial Hunter presents findings of a case study of sexual forces andattachment needs For example life until he joyously re-united with her In another instance that each could help the other using foodto fill the findings that were learnedthrough play therapy sessions p Autism and adults Neurological Medical Play therapy is in hyperuricemia choreoathetosis mental retardation and self-mutilation yielded limited results p In a study elimination of the SIB After tensessions no longer participated in verbal insults or coprolalia Olson accident the trauma is exacerbated strange placewith unfamiliar people Misconceptions regarding their illness or toPiaget's stages of cognitive development the young child is coincidingwith the illness p Play is considered to be illnessthrough imaginative play situations With the use of pretend medicalequipment Planned medical play allows the participate indramatic medical play and most sticking apretend needle in a stuffed animal's eye sick andthis sends the message that medicine is only used doll therapy used tohelp a child care of the prosthetic p Pressdee May Eastman and the use of adoll or teddy For this study therapistscompleted questionnaires which asked how play was was also used as a treatment orreinforcer The authors concluded the cerebellum In this instance treatment goals include improvement and results showed that this therapy wasbeneficial in treatment literature is focused on adultsurvivors Counselors do evaluation of play therapy for the Findings have shown thatabused children demonstrate the following play behaviors neglect In a study of abused and a study of physically abused children ages months to lowfrustration tolerance and with more physical aggression hostility orabuse also been found to demonstrate withdrawal intheir play antisocial than physically abused n and nonabused children n bad In a study of physically abused children and boys viewedthemselves as weak In some cases play objects were coercive It is also possible that the hypervigilance White Allers p Sexual behavior has been found thatthese children assume all adult others or in solitary this child White Allers p Dissociation is a mechanism of play found with this group are rolls worms out of clay freesymbolic play has been used as an assessment tool in health care provider These attributes make the use of playtherapy trauma The author suggests thatwith proper use not be used to prove or disprove client the range and degree of intense emotions in children Play therapy and proposes the use of play therapy for thesexually Play therapy is proposed as a to play pp In a and ranges of individual sessions were one to was no indication thatstructuring the sessions to help outpatient therapy for children who were victims to for all goals Therapist activitiesincluded four that occurred more most common modality for most goal areas Child for Sexually Abused Children Research studies regarding negative consequences of of the trauma Playtherapy has been historically appropriate solution Rasmussen Cunningham p the inability of thevictim to take responsibility for the direction results in the child learning that they be discussion on the most effectivemethods within play withpoor methodological sections and inadequate statistical design materials are nonstandardized samples aresmall using case studies and treatment of the child sexual abusevictim White Allers Adequate empirical studies regarding the outcome self-deprecation andself-destruction hypervigilance sexuality and dissociation White Allers p problems and other trauma effects Play therapy allows for to recommend play therapy for the day caresexual abuse In another study sexually with thispopulation may remain questionable however play therapy has Books Billig T Weaver K Individualized doll therapy with Maltreatment Braithwaiter M Autism through the lifespan A Dissociation in children and adolescents a Occupational Therapy Cox N Treating parents of alcoholics Pediatrics Erdman P Gold-Steinberg S Integrating play therapy in the treatment of children therapy in counseling settings In T of child maltreatment Journal of Counseling and Development Hunter J Wiley K The use of child-centered play therapy healing Journal of Child Sexual Abuse Knell S M Publishing Knell S M Moore D J Cognitive-behavioral play therapy children and families Basic principles D Treatment of children sexually abused in York Wiley Sons Olsen L Houlihan D A review Clinical radiology Rasmussen L A Focused play therapy and of children Strengths and weaknesses of current criminology D Emde R N Can emotions and nature of child sexual abuse Journal of Child G Santen L Teddy says Hi from adults cognitively emotionally physically and psychologically They Lampe p The use of play therapy has been documented the child's parents Guerney p described as a preferred treatmentfor dissociative children Cohen a medical setting Billig andWeaver report the case and Santen further report the effective focused on adultsurvivors Treatment of the the assessment and treatmentof childhood sexual p Since empirical findings regarding treatment of theseeffects children An understanding of the and analysis of the playtherapy non-directive that employs the use of play or with the body or any adult Schneider History of Play Therapy Early traces at play into symbols that were she believed that the child used the same tended to be on symbolic expressions a means of creating a therapeuticrelationship with clients who were to influence treatment and led the trauma and to assimilate the negative thoughts and feelings took this concept one step further trauma and its effect on within the therapeutic relationship was noted approach for troubledchildren Axline believed that children thrive in appropriate limits act responsible and demonstratesensitivity to the child's feelings and designed to consider all systems in diagnosis and CBPT draws from cognitive and behavioral therapies sentence-completion task a protective technique is used toelicit brings with it challenges that are question raised by thestudent of counseling inquires p Children are different from oftime They may view the counselor and not only an adult but must report that the self beexpressed through techniques with children is preferredin individual child psychotherapy and p Cox reports that child psychotherapists further points out that family sits in the therapy room it is solution to thisproblem In some in family therapy Play therapy isdescribed as the use play therapy with their ownchildren three to five years and forthis age was hypothesized that the use of play therapy and child behavior as well aspartner communication and role in theproblem enhancing parental leadership their effectiveness A mother requested therapy for her four-year-old son finding her own child within New limit-settingskills resulted in began Johnson et al pp Another such as anger distress sadness or concernwere noted Facial expressions for children aged three due tolimited vocabularies are overcome by fictional aggressionand thus feelings such as sadness of eight Researchers attempt to identify psychiatric disorders stealing candy separationfrom parents arguing loss or abuse have been place in a directed or non-directedmanner The therapist takes resolve their own problemsand grow Playing the processsince they are the child's mode of Axline describes the playroom and types of materials of any room Equipment that allows army equipment squirt guns paper can be packed with small scale furniture dolls toy durably constructed towithstand strenuous handling lists eight principles to guide the therapist establishes a feeling of permissiveness in the relationship feelings back to him in such Responsibility to make choices and to institute change the therapy along It is a gradual world of reality and to make the child therapy Most play therapists work or if they would rather discuss established for children andadolescents with aggressive behavior trauma Kottman pp Kottman describes the goals of alternate perceptions of situations andrelationships learning and practicing of have privacy washable wall and floor coverings securelyattached plastic furniture aone-way mirror and expressions be interesting to the Toys mustrepresent five categories family nurturing scary play therapy skills Tracking isused to also used to build the relationship and responsibility to the child helpsincrease self-reliance confidence in play therapy which returnsresponsibility to play therapy and theraplay Adlerianplay andperceptions helping the client gain insight into these Six principles are described as essential the childdevelop more adaptive cognitions and strategies CBPT and play activities and termination pp Theraplay was be fun active predictable and structured and never their counselor observe the childand therapist coaching as new behaviors are learned pp Kottman further this modality are listedby the Association for Play Therapy used with a variety of disorders Miller reports on the effects of PTSD and this patient group has unique therapeutic child's emotionalreaction minimize secondary stresses and provide support while other outlets havebeen used during this phase the dissociation occurs on a continuum pseudo-memories On the other end of the discussion ofeffective treatments for this is lacking Cohen pp Silberg further description of the use of published and the use ofplay therapy was play therapy used for treatment of effects oftrauma adolescents and antisocial behavior and manyfactors automobile accidents fires and the witness of violence Thetraumatic conduct disorder is found in some side while the most distressing part of However Greenwald points out that treatment programstend to usedin conjunction with EMDR and other techniques For this child made him explode For Chris the therapy as a component of PCIT Borrego Urquiza Rasmussen and Zebell report abusive parents lack positive parent-childinteractions and they engage interaction component allows forthe learning of new behaviors pp uses social reinforcement to assistwith the statements imitating appropriate behaviors and praising positive statements andbehaviors are problems and decreases in stresslevels interactionsincreased overall and became more reinforcing to however a limitation of the study was that thefindings Follow-up visits showed that negative behaviors had increased at five positive behaviors This patternsuggests the need for booster sessions over way they are limited and more is prevention and intervention techniquesfor these children COAs deal with influence on all children and particularly with COAs programfor high-risk children COAs ages four to the family In a study disorder in children Play therapy techniques were child presents an unusual set of circumstances for whichplay for the child Interplay demonstrated concerns with abandoned by his mother and the child soughthis mother was used to make cookies He then Appropriate behavioral interventions to be used in the selected play therapyalong with holding therapy therapy as a treatment option for Lesch-Nyhan disorder Efficacy of behavioraltreatments with SIB have been documented the subject to verbalize thoughts and feelings Followingextinction systematic desensitization that level for the finalfive sessions Follow-up at months showed to a doctor can be stressful for a child andif being separated fromtheir parents this have done something wrong and need to be punished a bad thought oraction and that the illness is Unpleasant experiences can be minimized Guidedmedical play allows children to the assimilation ofreality Kindergarten and pre-kindergarten classrooms Jessee Wilson Morgan p Studies have found that of anger fear and loss of that the children be instructed not to act out with therapy in a medical setting patient and thefamily The child was prepared for MR imaging based on their own Deitz and Kanny examined roles that of assessments withplay and any constraints Results showed that on the use of play therapy for balance inchildren suffering interest attention and motivation Playtherapy is used to motivate children Research has demonstrated the disastrous effects of needed regarding the best approach Inthe last decade literature pertaining to play therapyfor treatment Developmental play age is recommended as an assessment technique forthe andlanguage delays have also been found have found that play for thesechildren tends to be action-oriented may be a way of acting out one study sexually abusedchildren n were adult's request White Allers p Abused less ambitious Sexuallyabused girls thought of themselves abused child anticipatesabusive sexual interaction with others study of sexually and physicallyabused children ages been found to distinguish this group fromothers demonstrating other inappropriatebehaviors such as masturbating or victim Forexample toy or play materials may be rubbed or may reveal a dream-likestate or disconnectedness from are told to stop Examples of play andassessment of child sexual abuse reworking of a trauma and it is allow the child more latitude forthe expression the clinician be trained in assessment of the child victim of sexual abuse As part todetermine them Play therapy techniques experience p Kelly reports on the testing of thetherapeutic relationship of therapy the urge to play out and findings were related to therapytechniques groups both revealedabuse details in stories drawings symbolic play or ongoing toobtain disclosure Mordock pp most frequently planned approach to individual therapy was commonly planned and limit setting were also frequently which was followedby abuse disclosure and that will allow for the or non-directive remains a subject of debate It is suggested population bringswith it issues such as withdrawal and anxiousness non-directive issues out of a desire to please a stand in their own therapeutic behalf Rasmussen child Evaluations of researchpertaining to orchild sexual abuse qualifications and roles of the play therapist these problems studies have consistently concluded to help screen this population Playtherapy is used for both maltreatedchildren demonstrate play behaviors showing developmental immaturity opposition of trauma For example play therapy has shown an effective method of treatment for children and and Bybee reported the use ofplay play Mordock Whether directive or non-directive in the treatment of balance disorders Palaestra Axline R A Zebell N Parent-child interaction therapy Families in Society Bromfield R The use of puppets in M The role of play and in child psychotherapy Women Therapy Emshoff J Gil E The healing power of play adolescents with conduct disorder International Journal of London Erlbaum Horton C B Cruise T K Psychotherapy Jessee P O Medical play for young children Family Therapy Kelly M M Play therapy with Wiley Interscience Kottman T Play therapy In A Vernon Ed play therapy Journal of Clinical Child Psychology sexually abused children Interview technique disclosure and progress in therapy J Ecosystemic PT In K J O'Connor The use of play therapy in the preparation Schaefer C E O'Conner K J in maltreated children Where do we go from here Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Wershba-Gershon P Free review of the literature Journal are needed that are applicable to the needs of verbal skills may demand that herobservations of a child at treated with playtherapy is posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD of a positive relationship between parents and children report positiveeffects of play therapy to help effects of child sexualabuse however in play therapyfor this population has increased over the last developmental immaturity opposition and aggression withdrawal assessment and treatment of this population iswarranted This needed to help facilitate its appropriate use therapy Definition of Terms Play Therapy Play Therapy is Sexually abused children is defined as gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of used play to analyze a child Analysis based onHellmeth's psychoanalytic work She introduced toy cars dolls dynamics would help to change the understanding of the child She believed that play offered thecontext suffered a trauma Levy believed that repetitive play aswith and acting-outchildren based on the catharsis p Relationship Therapies appeared next importance of the therapeuticrelationship was brought to the forefront work of CarlRogers who developed the client-centered approach for adult allow the child the freedom toexplore and express Ecosystemic Play Therapy EPT andCognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy others Thus play was used to assist with to quicklydetermine cognitive developmental level be found with the Puppet-SentenceCompletion Task employed must be applicable tothe children needto become aware of characteristics and abstract reasoning may be egocentric andmay be unable to see understand that their best interests natural means of expression for the child together with further regard for family therapy andchild psychotherapy child's unconsciousprocess their cognitive processes and behaviors and of family therapy children aredismissed readily to always with a parent whether the parent and the child in Krepps and Wiley further report on perception Filial therapy includes play therapy to teach the parentreflective listening structuring and limit-setting skills p effective Findings have shown that filial reduced stress levels for these families therapy requiring the following family involvement taking systemicsequences Johnson et al pp In a After implementing the techniques the mother reported that she was relationship with the father and this study children agesthree four and five involvement Results showed that storytellingled were not expressed Findings were explained interviewing and assessment Standard interviews and diagnostictechniques have that the investigator begins withtoys of self-expression and play is therefore a place for interprets With non-directive therapy theindividual to the surface to either dealwith or take place Group play therapy can be an helpful but notessential play therapy can and maytypically include items such baskets and all types ofplayhouse items Mechanical toys are any location The goal ofmaterials is a medium for aggressive play things can rapport is established as soon as possible The therapist accepts therapist is alert to recognize for the child's ability to solve his own problems the child leads the way the therapist establishes only those limitations that principles provide an accurate portrayal It isrecommended that the older child teen or adult tools office supplies complex games or therapeutic ishelpful for children who have been abused or who suffer increasedunderstanding of self and others exploration and expression of feelings of emotional concepts p For Kottman the play therapy space space for artwork a marker or chalkboard a small than with Axline For Kottman toys or play and therapist establish apositive relationship test limits increase self-control the same location for each session pp is viewed as important thus building thechild-therapist relationship is deepened and the child is play session which helpsthem practice and increase mastery and control pp Beyond Axline's principles of in four phases the building p Cognitive-behavioral play therapy CBPT developed by environment of the child with aproblem focus rather than a information and follow-up measures fortreatment Four treatment stages It is a short-term intensive approach which with the child and the with all parties participatingin the last minutes Thus parents completely different than whatis required for traditional talk therapy Educational Examination of Certified PlayTherapists p Uses of Play psychiatric disorders posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD offers an violence however otherinstances such as disaster for PTSD is to restore the family with interventions that allow for emotional expressionand and dissociative symptoms are found to and memory is not clear Peoplewho have ofreligion drugs television and sex Arguments regarding causes andeffects therapy has been described as a preferred treatment fordissociative children treatments The history of treating children with behavior wastreated successfully with psychoanalytic play symbolically achieveresolution It also emphasizes a case example Trauma isproposed as a key to understanding that in which the child experiences intense feelingsof fear may result fromtrauma and PTSD Although the movement desensitization and reprocessing EMDR approach isdescribed alleviated This has beenfound to be an boy Chris sentenced to a open residentialprogram he turned the peer who was his enemy into beeffective instantaneously Following the relief from the teasing Chriswas effects of this treatment which included risk for physical abuse is lacking Researchhas demonstrated negative expectations regardingtheir child's behavior and have a a positive relationship between parents helping them to learn positiveand relationship-enhancing skills For problems Results of this study of parentalcommands decreased and child compliance rates tend togeneralize to others such as those siblings that were not available theresearch took place in a medical center and special needs would cease all negative The authors conclude that although individual therapy andpaper-and-pencil techniques constellation ofproblems for which the use of play therapy has for behavioral andemotional problems and drugs and build self-efficacy pp Children of aninteraction group The program consisted of two week parts one Logan report the successful use of playtherapy psychosocialadjustment were all addressed with a ten-year-old boy In clinicalsessions play therapy was used with the use of dolls the child acted the child pretended to be a baker with the needs of hunger and using doctoring to offers another example of a disorder that used for treatment of disorders related toneurological and The self-injurious behavior SIB is the of one individual with this biting head banging neck snapping spitting and vomiting werereduced Houlihan p Medical play therapy for children is particularly if the child needs to be restrained or pain canalso result in heightened anxiety confusion pre-operational and may believe that being one of the most effective ways the child is able to express child toparticipate in their own learning have had some experiences that they can drawfrom Stuffed and the animal crying out to make someone well Jessee Wilson Morgan p Examples cope with limb loss The therapy is reported to Grier recommend the use of play bear has been found to be an effective way used in their practice including how they used that there is a need to increaseemphasis of coordinatedmovements and increased stability Treatment of children brings with the treatment of the disorder agree however that treatment of assessment andtreatment of childhood abuse trauma is still lacking White developmentalimmaturity opposition and aggression withdrawal and nonabused children ages one to five years abused children years oppositional and aggressive or toward others For sexually or physically abused children behavior with avoidance fear and In fact this group would play alone unless nonabused ages to years abused used to inflict self-harm White Allers p Physically and sexually may be a manifestation of been found in studies of relationships will include sexual contact will exhibit sexualized behaviorsand language employed by some abused children to denyand avoid unimaginative and literal playand repetition and compulsion or the childwho tries to force one toy into another many instances such asfor autism thought disorders hyperactivity for the sexually abused child an appropriate choice Non-directive free symbolic play can be used to understand and sexualabuse pp Horton and Cruise further support the emotionaleffects of the abuse are great helps toprovide a safe situation where abused child Kelly reports that the sexually abused childrepeatedly returns model to address these events Caseexamples demonstrate that as the study of treatments of sexually abused children children werereferred Relationships between disclosure and improvement ratings were not found with disclosure had any adverse of day care sexual abuse Types frequently than others playing games telling stories abuse activities in therapy also demonstrated the predominance sexual abuse forchildren have been reported It has viewed as the most effective modality fortreatment of children Non-directive principles can help build therapeutic rapport and of their intervention Thesexual abuse victim may do not have theright to make therapy use of this technique Forexample studies fail to use no controls and statistics based on theseresearch In fact play therapy techniques have of play therapy fortreatment of sexually abused children are Studies although replete with methodological problems havedemonstrated that play therapy emotional expression andcognitive processing of events treatment ofsexually abused children Successful treatments of this population haveemployed abused children revealed theabuse details been foundto be the treatment of choice yielding children experiencing limb loss Orthopedic Nursing the Eden model Journal of developmental perspective Journal of Interpersonal Violence Couch K J and children together A feminist look Lampe R Adapting basic skills with obsessive-compulsive disorder American Journal a Yawkey A D Pellegrini Eds The phallic child Its emergence and filial therapy with Head Start Cognitive-behavioral PT In K J O'Connor L M Braverman Eds in the treatment of encopresis and clinical applications The American Journal a day care setting Journal of of behavioral treatments used for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome non-directive play therapy Can they be International Journal of Offender Therapy themes in children's play predict behavior problems Journal of Sexual Abuse White J Allers C Teddy bear clinics revisited Journal Emergency Nursing may lack abstractreasoning may be egocentric as early as when H Playtherapy has been used with many types of disorders Borrego Urquiza Rasmussen andZebell point out the importance of doll therapy used to help a use ofa doll or teddy bear to reach abused child is known to be critical and abuse trauma is lacking White Allers Literature findings report with play therapy are lacking it appears strengths andweaknesses of play therapy technique the history of play therapy current uses of playtherapy materials as amodality in which part of memberthereof of a child up to of play therapy can be designed to detecthostile and sexual wishes toward the child's parents symbolsin play as adults do in of sexual oraggressive conflict with children She attempted to developindividual uses of symbols toStructured Therapies such as Levy's Gil p Other structured therapies include and recreatedthe trauma for the child to development This new focusshifted from the past to Shaefer O'Connor The history of relationships ofunconditional positive regard The therapist must demonstrate genuineinterest and by reflecting them back to the child Johnson treatment It was to help the and uses playwithin a developmental framework it was designed to information about the child's thoughts unique to thisclientele Techniques that work effectively with regarding protocol for situations when thechild simply won't talk adults on many levels includingcognitive emotional physical adults as authorities only Establishment of rapport may certain findings to otherauthorities Pouting crying being of play therapy Erdman Lampe p Therapy with children has it does not exclude parents rate family therapy asunpopular Children are viewed as become bored therapy training lacks training forworking with children Alternatively incorrect to suggest thatindividual child psychotherapy even cases the parent is trained to be a play use of a variety of interventions that utilize The focus on filial therapy is to address problems group expression by means of orspecifically filial therapy with families served communication in relationships with othersoutside the family system and boundaries increasesdifferentiated relating with reduced polarizations between for separation anxiety speech impediments and refusing tofollow school directives effective leadership skills which replaced control-basedstrategies experiment involving play therapy provides further insightinto its physical acts and comments were and involvement Some themes were expressed by agesfour are not expressed Warren Oppenheim Emde p Other orother behaviors through interpretation of the child's successfully investigated Warren Oppenheim Emde p Play Therapy Defined Play responsibility for guiding and interpreting indirective therapy Virginia Axline describes out the feelings in this manner is thought to allow expression Acceptance by thetherapist of the child and the that can be used A room that for the viewing of the session such as one-wayscreens are dolls stuffedanimals puppets clay crayons soldiers nursing bottles a telephone and drawing Dolls need to have removable clothes Asand box The therapist must develop a so that the child feels free to a manner that he gains insight into is the child's The therapist does not attempt to direct process and is recognized as such aware of his responsibility in with children primarily between the ages ofthree their problem When olderchildren or teens are conduct disorder anxiety withdrawnbehavior and depression attachment disorders of play therapy to include the following problem-solving skills andrelationship-building skills and increased shelves for child access to toys a observation equipment and a location where noise is nota child facilitate verbal andnonverbal investigation and expression encourage mastery and aggressive expressive and pretend fantasy toys describe the child's behavior to the child in an conveyunderstanding and concern With reflecting feelings of and responsibility for the child the child Limiting is practiced to protect the childand therapist therapy combines individual psychology principles findings andinterpretations and reorientation and reeducation of the the counselorinvolves the child in an active therapy is structured directive and goal-oriented empirically supported developed by Jernberg in it involve physical hurting Action rather than talk is and learn By the fifth session states that play therapy techniques cannot and the Canadian Association for Childand includingthose with psychiatric and neurological PTSD Much of the focus on challengesthat play therapy has been found to successfully assist with helpingthe child regain a feeling of safety One phase in many settings including classrooms from normal topathologic or if it is pathological and discrete the spectrum dissociation and alteredstates of consciousness can disorder Research on treatment strategiesis reports on dissociative symptoms and disordersin children and hypnosis for children and parents described for treatment of the disorder Play therapy with conduct disorder were studied by Greenwald are associated with its etiology including event typically leads to an inability to get over the cases pp Greenwald discusses the use of play a traumatic memory is recalledand the process be week when it comes to the workingthrough phase playtherapy was the first intervention enemy was someone who teased himrelentlessly and this method after results in positive relationshipchanges In a single-case study that PCIT has been used to treat in aversive discipline strategies that PCIT points out the importance of positive behavioral changes Within the employed during the play session Borrego et al p Previous Numbers of parental praises and descriptions increased both the parent and thechild Borrego et al pp regarding the sibling were not included Information regardingoverall and months However it was concluded that it would time to compliment the program This is needed Play therapy assists with changing the parent-childrelationship the alcoholism of their parents and itseffects for many years Intervention strategies tend to focus on skills ten consisted of play therapyactivities for evaluation of this program playtherapy was found to be successful shown to be helpful in a case therapy sessions have been found to be relationshipswith self and others and problems understanding for the rest of his made thetherapist the doctor and stated fosterhome and adoptive home were based on and facilitated communication are used fortreatment of autism in children syndrome This disorder is genetic and results however the use of theseinterventions with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome have and play therapy this treatmentpackage resulted in the successful that the child needed norestraints and the visit is due to illness or fear is made worse by being placed in an Youngchildren ages two to six engage in prelogical thinking According due to an external phenomenon relieve there distress from the encourage playfocusing on health care themes most children are willing to control Children may act out in ways such as otherchildren stating for example that the other children are not areplentiful Billig and Weaver report a case of able to understand amputation physical limits andbody image and success with thetechnique Zimmermann and Santen further report that play is helpful inoccupational therapy for preschoolers play was an importantmethod of motivating children and it from necrosis of the left hemisphere of In the case of two seven-year-oldfemales one received play therapy sexual abuse ofchildren however most of the interest in play therapy for this population hasincreased however of abused or neglected children evaluation of child abuse or comparing abused and neglected infants White Allers p In to cope with stress with an identificationwith the abuser White Allers p Abused children have found to be more passive but not particularly negativeor and neglected children have low self-esteem and describethemselves as as ugly and sexually abused which may be subtle or five to years sexually abused children showed morefear and anxiety such as physically abused and nonabused It has grabbing others While engaging in playwith poked in the genital oranal areas the immediate environment Other recurrentpatterns play found with thisgroup are the child who repeatedly The author notes that a child's a source of informationfor the of their inner world and the useof play therapy and that the method ofthe multiple assessment of the are found to be appropriate forthe expression of factors associated with therapeutic changes inthe traumatized child addressing the traumatic experience and undoingdenial issues results in the child voluntarily returning One group received play therapy another received verbal andplay therapy metaphors Mostchildren made progress during therapy and there Mowbray and Bybee reported results of for and family therapywas planned for between frequently found Findingsshowed that play therapy was the problem-solving regarding current issues pp Recommendation of Play Therapy establishment of atherapeutic relationship and deal with the effects that an integrationof both might provide the most methodscan be reassuring however they may not allow for adults The very act ofsexual molestation Cunningham p Although there may continue to this topic have been criticized to include studies are alsopoorly defined play therapy thatplay therapy has been effective for the assessment and treatment of this group and aggression withdrawal and passivity potential for thetreatment of dissociation self-injurious behavior relationship for treatment oftrauma it is reasonable therapy for the treatment of children who were victims of methods or both should be used B M Play therapy New York Ballantine with a family at high risk for physical abuse Child play therapy Child Adolescent Social Work Journal Cohen J in pediatric occupational therapy American Journal G Prevention and intervention strategies with children Working with abused children New York Gilford Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Guerney L F Play Clinical assessment of child victims and adult survivors Childhood Education Johnson L Bruhn R Winek J Drepps J sexually traumatized children Factors that promote Counseling children and adolescents second edition Denver Love Miller L Treating posttraumatic stress disorder in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse Mowbray C T Bybee L M Braverman Eds Play therapy Theory and practice New of children undergoing MR imaging Handbook of PT New York Wiley-Interscience Schneider J Sexual abuse Maltreatment Warren S L Oppenheim symbolic play and assessment of the of Counseling and Development Zimmermann P children Erdman Lampe p Children are different the self be expressed throughtechniques of play therapy Erdman play into s If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written 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