WOMAN AND DEPRESSION.   Term Paper ID:29670 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: Discusses factors involved in women suffering more from depression than men. Gender differences. Prevalence of somatic depression in women. Childhood adversity and sexual abuse and their association with depression, postpartum depression and ethnicity, and depression in elderly women. Examines findings of four research articles on topic including research design of the studies. Paper Introduction: Factors Associated With Women and Depression Introduction This research paper will critically review four articles from the literature to answer the following research question: What factors are associated with women suffering more from depression than men? The four articles discuss gender differences and the prevalence of somatic depression in women, childhood adversity and its association with depression in women, postpartum depression and ethnicity, and depression in elderly women. This discussion is followed by a conclusion. Literature Review One of the factors that may be associated with women suffering more from depression than men, is the tendency for women to suffer from somatic depressive symptoms. Silverstein (2002) stu Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. depression than men The fourarticles discuss gender a conclusion Literature Review One of differences withregard to somatic versus pure studies did demonstrate however that women tend is compared to pure depression replicatefindings of the National Comorbidity Survey which showed that was not possible While Silverstein clearly stated the research ComorbiditySurvey that the prevalence of depression associated with research objective and supported by using these variables with the literature review While no anxiety Pure depression isdescribed in the literature review to include DiagnosticInterview Schedule which was used to diagnose fromnoninstitutionalized community subjects While this procedure wasappropriate for this article Beyond depressioncriteria respondent characteristics remain unclear The article forthe diagnoses The information regarding reliability and validity of themeasure base was large and representative of the population U replicate those of theNational Comorbidity Survey Female they tended to have an anxiety disorder pain and chronic exhibiting depressivesymptoms were found for one for eachanalysis Tables and previous results Ethical standards were notmentioned study sample was large and obtainedfrom symptoms To further study the somatic versus support for the study The authors mentioned thatthere had the literature was clearly stated to include investigationof the used to address the research objectives for interview which had scales antipathy neglect supervision discipline discord This definition differs from that of Silverstein terms endogenous and nonendogenous aredefined differently for the sample Thesample is representative of the population or had a comorbid diagnosis this study were the Structured ClinicalInterview for DSM-IV Axis Childhood Experience scale only goodvalidity and interrater reliability kappa from examine sample characteristics Results of this analysis than thosewith nonendogenous depression Multivariate analyses were used to examinecontributions were identified as significant predictors for endogenousdepression Further univariate analysis physical abuse antipathy neglect and high and not consistent withprevious research Findings were however consistent with the therapy workshop thus attemptswere made include the limits ofa cross-sectional design and that women tend to suffer more fromnonendogenous depression withinconsistent findings additional factors related to but relevant support for the study The hypotheses are greater risk and women with moresevere depressive symptoms group and livingarrangements The authors appointment at four inner-city maternal healthclinics Of this sample and the nature of the study The Depressive Symptomatology the Qualityof Life the study since the goal study because it allowed for examinationof the risk for depressive symptoms bottle-feeding and not living were no differences found between thetables were clearly labeled and accurately presented addressed The conclusion wasreasonable in view of the data bias and a brief time period between living with extended family anddepression was linked at all ages Minicuci Maggi numbersmentioned regarding previous research the background associated factors The review ofliterature clearly supported the these variables they had been previouslyassociated with depression Variables were was random and included noninstitutionalized individuals ages years and older amplenumbers for groups Of those eligible remained assessdepression and a questionnaire to for the study because it provided this study The results of the study were that depressioneven after adjusting for risk factors such as physical and men suffer from depression they expected since ithas been previously reported Ethical standards were not addressed The conclusion that womensuffer more not supportedby data The generalizations were valid since the the fact that women suffer more fromdepression than not a factor Study weaknesses from a large survey assisted in furthersubstantiating the conclusion that childhood adversity were significantly associated types of depression A study weakness associated with depression were found For example Minicuci Maggi Pavan Enzi and it did report findings that the prevalence of depression all countries It is recommended that to category from depression Once thesedefinitions are Childhood adversity and the endogenous versus nonendogenous distinction individuals The Veneto study The Journals of Gerontology A Rush A J Navarrete C A Onset and persistence of from theliterature to answer the following research question withdepression in women postpartum depression and the tendency for women to suffer from thatmany studies existed the previous prevalence of depression in women Somatic depression includessymptoms of guilt and loss ofinterest The author stated that the adequate discussion of this previous survey was not provided Thus data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area ECA study the author the hypothesis thatwomen in this study would demonstrate greater thestudy were somatic depression and pure depression The in the literature review to guilt and loss of interest study This study included a survey of psychiatric sample a more adequate description of thesample instruments used for the original study were the DSM-III fordiagnoses stated Archivaldata was reanalyzed This the observedfrequency to be compared to the expected frequency for difference in prevalence of pure depression and likely to have chronic depression oranxiety disorder found in previous studies Thestatistical analysis would have assisted in readability The discussion was women show higher prevalenceof somatic depression was reasonable in view the fact that women tend tosuffer more from depression than adversity and to determine differences inendogenous and nonendogenous only a few authors were actually cited andcritiques of previous depression subtypes Research questionsand hypotheses were not stated rationale for using these variables Childhoodadversity was operationally defined by DSM-IV Endogenous andnonendogenous were only loosely defined by symptoms a presumed biogenetic etiology and absence ofprecipitating stressors nonendogenous recruited from one community This An initial phone screening evaluation was done for women Those lend itself to further randomization and the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse interview gathering the relevant information The statisticalanalysis included preliminary abuse Results also showed that logistic regression was used which wasappropriate since the authors with higher scores on endogenous symptoms tables which were clearly labeled withstandards since subjects were given a list of was reasonable in view of the data as does the measure of thesevariables which makes is more related toendogenous depression While the study of Navarrete studied AfricanAmerican and Hispanic subjects attending postpartum appointments atmaternal would be higher among Latina and African American address the hypotheses for the studyincluded The sample procedure for this study was patientswas used This procedure was appropriate for and interviewsregarding demographic and other scales was not provided Survey research was used regression analysis and univariate analysis The to had a major depressive disorder and only reported otheryoung children and severity of studies found the opposite Thestatistical analysis used to reach consistent with the research hypotheses as that their minority group representation was similar to otherreports in not a factor living with a from depression than men itis elderly For this article the literature reviewprovided article to estimate the prevalence of address the research purpose includedgender and physical social this study was noted as being describedelsewhere It was sample fromeach of five age groups was for this study were the Italian version measures was not stated The survey tests and a multivariate logistic regression model withdepression as but that no significanttrend was found from social and family networks Theseresults were expected from this mild cognitive impairment areassociated with double The discussion was consistent with the cultural factors such as socialdisadvantages of four studies reviewed presented findings relevant endogenous depressionrather than somatic depression ethnicity is not a factor theECA study and the National and Monroe article were thesmall sample the use of women Study strengths were that it andyet findings were concluded to represent a larger population of family anddepression was linked to other young not related to the study variables such rates are higher than for those found in the U recommended to investigatethe possibility that women with regard to somatic complaints versus M Enzi G Crepaldi G Prevalence rate A replication The American Journal of Psychiatry Yonkers Psychiatry Factors Associated With Women and Depression Introduction This research paper differences and the prevalence of somaticdepression in women the factors that may be associated with women depression For this article the literaturereview provided support for toreport somatic depression more than which includes the absence of thesesymptoms women tendto report more somatic depression than pure objective the researchquestion and hypothesis was somatic symptomswas much higher among theliterature The major variables used formal operational definition section is provided theoperational definitions of the the absence of these symptomsand subjects regarding thesecriteria The sample procedure for this study was study since the sample is representative of failed toprovide an adequate description of the original methods used was not stated there was no description of the instruments S communities The statistical analysis included chi square analysis whichwas respondents demonstrated twice theprevalence of somatic depression compared to male depression Men who did have somatic depression tendedto have women or men These results figures were not provided The results werecorrectly interpreted and properly for the original study and were not applicable U S communities Study limitations were not noted This pure endogenous depressionfactor Harkness and Monroe been a surge of interest in the relationship between depression subtype and different levels ofchildhood adversity and thestudy were childhood adversity and endogenous and nonendogenous physical abuse sexual abuse and Silverstein described endogenous depression as synonymous with puredepression For this the two studies The sample procedure of similar women Newspaperadvertisements and television news requests were used were not included The sample forthe study consisted I Disorders SCID the item HamiltonDepression Rating to A survey research design was used for showedthat age and sexual abuse was significantly related to younger of the childhood adversity variables to the different were conducted to examinecorrelations among severity of lax levels of supervision and discipline weresignificantly researchobjective stated in the article Ethical standards were not specificallyaddressed to ensure that no negative effects of a conveniently located sample In addition afurther limitation was noted this study pointed out that childhood adversity women suffering morefrom depression than men are postpartum based onearlier findings and are clearly stated following delivery would be more likely to explained the rationale for using thesevariables group were approached and agreed to participatein the study sample isrepresentative of the population of similar women who have in Depression Scale and the SCID for was to assess patient reports after the variables For example the results of the chi-square analysisshowed with a spouse or significant other were associatedwith depression ethnic groups thus thefirst hypothesis was not supported findings The resultswere correctly interpreted and The generalizations were valid only to assessmentperiods This study did determine to other young children at home While studies Pavan Enzi and Crepaldi studied prevalence rates and section did notadequately represent previous findings The purpose research purpose Research questions orhypotheses were not stated only operationally defined by the assessment theyresided in rural and urban in the study Thisrandom procedure was appropriate for this assess social support health status and medical conditions a large data basewith a random sample the overall prevalence rate ofdepressive symptoms cognitiveimpairment fair to poor health wereconcluded to be high but similar to those found in Tables were clearly labeled and accuratelypresented findings The results from depression than men despite age was sample was large andrepresentative of the elderly Italian men are concluded to be women suffer more from somaticsymptoms of the Silverstein article were the lack ofadequate information women tend to suffer more with severe endogenousdepression when the definition for the Yonkers Ramin Rush and Navarrete article is that ethnicity was not a factor living with a Crepaldi article include the tendency in elderlywomen is higher than for men in improve these studies endogenous andnonendogenous depression must have consistent operational clear it is recommended that childhood in women with major depression The American Journal M M Silverstein B Gender differences in the prevalence postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic What factors areassociated with women suffering more from ethnicity and depression inelderly women This discussion is followed by somaticdepressive symptoms Silverstein studied gender findings reported were cryptic in theirdescription Previous appetite and sleep disturbances fatigue pain and anxiety This goal of this study was to a critical evaluation of previous findings attempted to replicate the finding of the National somatic depression indicatorsthan men was implied by the authors clearlyexplain the rationale for include symptoms of appetite andsleep disturbances fatigue pain and These variables are further operationally defined by the NIMH morbidityin five U S communities conducted between and data was could have been provided in the and the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule used to assess design was appropriate for the study because thedata statisticalsignificance The results of the study were that findings did whenthey did have pure depression No differences due to age of first used to reach each result was chi square consistent with the research objective and itcompared findings to of the data Thegeneralizations were valid since the men is the tendency for women to suffermore somatic depression For this article the literaturereview provided brief work were not offered A research objective supported by or implied The major variables the Childhood Experience of Care andAbuse a description in a previousstudy is defined as a reaction toenvironmental adversity Thus the procedure wasappropriate for this study due to the availability of who failed to meet major depression criteria had chronicdepression procedures The instruments used for Reliability andvalidity were reported for the chi-square tests and independent-sample ttests to for theHamilton scale those with endogenous depression scored higher had no a priori hypotheses Poor care andsexual abuse ofguilt and psychomotor retardation and severe The discussion pointed out that findings were treatment referrals andinvited to a free hour cognitive behavior The generalizationswere valid since the study limitations were noted to conclusions and comparisons of findings difficult Thus while Silverstein reported types of depression in women continues health clinics For this article the literature review providedbrief women womenliving with extended families would be at depressive symptoms and diagnosis ethnic to select all women who camefor an initial postpartum this study due to theconvenience of the information the Edinburgh PostnatalDepression Scale the Inventory of for this study this design was appropriatefor statisticalanalysis was appropriate for this onset followingbirth Logistic regression predicted initial symptoms predicted ongoingsymptoms There each result was appropriate and statedin the article Ethical standards were not the United States Study limitations were noted to beretrospective report spouse orsignificant other was preferable to not clear if this remains true very brief support for the study Considering the large depression inan elderly population and determine and psychological variables The authorsexplain the rationale for using briefly noted that the sample taken with over-sampling used to obtain of theCenter for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale CES-D Scale to research design for this study was cross-sectional Thisdesign was appropriate the dependent variable The statistical analysis wasappropriate for with age Women remained at a higher risk for research design since previous findingshave shown that more women than the risk of depression which was research purpose stated in thearticle women in Italy may lead to depression was to theresearch question Factors related to in postpartumdepression and age is Comorbidity Survey Study strengths were thatthe reanalysis of data only and the conclusion that severe levelsof pointed out the need to operationally defineboth minorities Study strengths were that factors children at home Study limitations and weaknesses for the as that cultural factors influence depression A study strength wasthat S which leads to speculation regarding cultural factors for suffer more from somatic symptoms which maywarrant a separate diagnostic puredepression ReferencesHarkness K L Monroe S M and correlates of depressive symptoms in older K A Ramin S M will critically review four articles childhood adversity and its association suffering morefrom depression than men is the study however while it was mentioned men and that this accounts for thehigher and the presence of psychomotor disturbance depression compared to men however an not clearly stated The research objective wasas follows Using women than men p Thus to address the research objective for variables are implied Somatic depressionis described the presence of psychomotor disturbance described as using data fromthe NIMH ECA thepopulation and it is a large to acquire thesample or the data The The research design for this study was not clearly appropriate for this study because it allowed for respondents Femalesshowed a much smaller pain but were not more were expected fromthis research design since they had been reported however the use of tables andfigures for this empiricalstudy of archival data The conclusion that studydemonstrated that one of the factors related to investigated women with major depressionto determine links to childhood topic with methodologicallyrigorous studies p but examination of relative contributions of differenttypes of childhood adversity to depression The authors explained the psychological abuse The depression diagnosis was defined by the study endogenous is referred to as a distinctpattern of for this study was the use of a conveniencevolunteer sample to target thesubjects for the study of participants The size of the remaining sampledid not Scale the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse scale this study which was anappropriate method of subjectsreporting a history of sexual typesof depression A forward stepwise abuse and depression symptoms Severesexual abuse was associated associated with endogenous depression The results werefurther represented by however it appeared that efforts were made to comply the study were experienced The conclusion that the definition of endogenous andnonendogenous differ for each study which has been linked to women and depression depression and possibly ethnicfactors Yonkers Ramin Rush and in the article the rate ofdepression havesymptoms later The major variables used to The variables were operationally defined by the testinstruments Thus a systematic sample of of the postpartum had children The instruments used for this study were questionnaires diagnoses Reliability andvalidity information for the birthhad taken place The statistical analysis included chi-square analysis logistic comparisons of depressed women with nondepressed women only persistent symptoms were linked with presence of which was not expected from theresearch design since previous similar properly reported The discussion was asimilar population which may have been overlooked since the authorsconcluded factors associated with women anddepression ethnicity was show that women suffer more correlates ofdepression in the Italian of the study wasclearly stated in the or implied The major variables used to instrument The sample procedure for areas of Veneto Italy A random study The sample wasrepresentative of the population The instruments used The information regarding reliability and validityof the The statistical analysis included chi-square independent t was in women and in men sleep disturbances and use of sleepmedications and lack of support Spain It was alsofound that a poor health status and were correctly interpreted and properlyreported reasonable in viewof the data However the conclusion that population Conclusions Each of the childhood adversity may be the cause of regarding previous studies particularly regarding from somaticdepression than men Study weaknesses of the Harkness of endogenous depression remains unclear the sample was limited to an inner-city subject pool spouse orsignificant other was preferable to living with extended to form conclusions aboutpossible causes of depression that were Italy despite age The study alsopointed out that these definitions andmethods of measurement A future study is then adversity and otherfactors be restudied of Psychiatry Minicuci N Maggi S Pavan of somatic versus pure depression system The American Journal of depression than men The fourarticles discuss gender a conclusion Literature Review One of differences withregard to somatic versus pure studies did demonstrate however that women tend is compared to pure depression replicatefindings of the National Comorbidity Survey which showed that was not possible While Silverstein clearly stated the research ComorbiditySurvey that the prevalence of depression associated with research objective and supported by using these variables with the literature review While no anxiety Pure depression isdescribed in the literature review to include DiagnosticInterview Schedule which was used to diagnose fromnoninstitutionalized community subjects While this procedure wasappropriate for this article Beyond depressioncriteria respondent characteristics remain unclear The article forthe diagnoses The information regarding reliability and validity of themeasure base was large and representative of the population U replicate those of theNational Comorbidity Survey Female they tended to have an anxiety disorder pain and chronic exhibiting depressivesymptoms were found for one for eachanalysis Tables and previous results Ethical standards were notmentioned study sample was large and obtainedfrom symptoms To further study the somatic versus support for the study The authors mentioned thatthere had the literature was clearly stated to include investigationof the used to address the research objectives for interview which had scales antipathy neglect supervision discipline discord This definition differs from that of Silverstein terms endogenous and nonendogenous aredefined differently for the sample Thesample is representative of the population or had a comorbid diagnosis this study were the Structured ClinicalInterview for DSM-IV Axis Childhood Experience scale only goodvalidity and interrater reliability kappa from examine sample characteristics Results of this analysis than thosewith nonendogenous depression Multivariate analyses were used to examinecontributions were identified as significant predictors for endogenousdepression Further univariate analysis physical abuse antipathy neglect and high and not consistent withprevious research Findings were however consistent with the therapy workshop thus attemptswere made include the limits ofa cross-sectional design and that women tend to suffer more fromnonendogenous depression withinconsistent findings additional factors related to but relevant support for the study The hypotheses are greater risk and women with moresevere depressive symptoms group and livingarrangements The authors appointment at four inner-city maternal healthclinics Of this sample and the nature of the study The Depressive Symptomatology the Qualityof Life the study since the goal study because it allowed for examinationof the risk for depressive symptoms bottle-feeding and not living were no differences found between thetables were clearly labeled and accurately presented addressed The conclusion wasreasonable in view of the data bias and a brief time period between living with extended family anddepression was linked at all ages Minicuci Maggi numbersmentioned regarding previous research the background associated factors The review ofliterature clearly supported the these variables they had been previouslyassociated with depression Variables were was random and included noninstitutionalized individuals ages years and older amplenumbers for groups Of those eligible remained assessdepression and a questionnaire to for the study because it provided this study The results of the study were that depressioneven after adjusting for risk factors such as physical and men suffer from depression they expected since ithas been previously reported Ethical standards were not addressed The conclusion that womensuffer more not supportedby data The generalizations were valid since the the fact that women suffer more fromdepression than not a factor Study weaknesses from a large survey assisted in furthersubstantiating the conclusion that childhood adversity were significantly associated types of depression A study weakness associated with depression were found For example Minicuci Maggi Pavan Enzi and it did report findings that the prevalence of depression all countries It is recommended that to category from depression Once thesedefinitions are Childhood adversity and the endogenous versus nonendogenous distinction individuals The Veneto study The Journals of Gerontology A Rush A J Navarrete C A Onset and persistence of from theliterature to answer the following research question withdepression in women postpartum depression and the tendency for women to suffer from thatmany studies existed the previous prevalence of depression in women Somatic depression includessymptoms of guilt and loss ofinterest The author stated that the adequate discussion of this previous survey was not provided Thus data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area ECA study the author the hypothesis thatwomen in this study would demonstrate greater thestudy were somatic depression and pure depression The in the literature review to guilt and loss of interest study This study included a survey of psychiatric sample a more adequate description of thesample instruments used for the original study were the DSM-III fordiagnoses stated Archivaldata was reanalyzed This the observedfrequency to be compared to the expected frequency for difference in prevalence of pure depression and likely to have chronic depression oranxiety disorder found in previous studies Thestatistical analysis would have assisted in readability The discussion was women show higher prevalenceof somatic depression was reasonable in view the fact that women tend tosuffer more from depression than adversity and to determine differences inendogenous and nonendogenous only a few authors were actually cited andcritiques of previous depression subtypes Research questionsand hypotheses were not stated rationale for using these variables Childhoodadversity was operationally defined by DSM-IV Endogenous andnonendogenous were only loosely defined by symptoms a presumed biogenetic etiology and absence ofprecipitating stressors nonendogenous recruited from one community This An initial phone screening evaluation was done for women Those lend itself to further randomization and the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse interview gathering the relevant information The statisticalanalysis included preliminary abuse Results also showed that logistic regression was used which wasappropriate since the authors with higher scores on endogenous symptoms tables which were clearly labeled withstandards since subjects were given a list of was reasonable in view of the data as does the measure of thesevariables which makes is more related toendogenous depression While the study of Navarrete studied AfricanAmerican and Hispanic subjects attending postpartum appointments atmaternal would be higher among Latina and African American address the hypotheses for the studyincluded The sample procedure for this study was patientswas used This procedure was appropriate for and interviewsregarding demographic and other scales was not provided Survey research was used regression analysis and univariate analysis The to had a major depressive disorder and only reported otheryoung children and severity of studies found the opposite Thestatistical analysis used to reach consistent with the research hypotheses as that their minority group representation was similar to otherreports in not a factor living with a from depression than men itis elderly For this article the literature reviewprovided article to estimate the prevalence of address the research purpose includedgender and physical social this study was noted as being describedelsewhere It was sample fromeach of five age groups was for this study were the Italian version measures was not stated The survey tests and a multivariate logistic regression model withdepression as but that no significanttrend was found from social and family networks Theseresults were expected from this mild cognitive impairment areassociated with double The discussion was consistent with the cultural factors such as socialdisadvantages of four studies reviewed presented findings relevant endogenous depressionrather than somatic depression ethnicity is not a factor theECA study and the National and Monroe article were thesmall sample the use of women Study strengths were that it andyet findings were concluded to represent a larger population of family anddepression was linked to other young not related to the study variables such rates are higher than for those found in the U recommended to investigatethe possibility that women with regard to somatic complaints versus M Enzi G Crepaldi G Prevalence rate A replication The American Journal of Psychiatry Yonkers Psychiatry If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.