ETHICAL DECISION MAKING.   Term Paper ID:29905 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Discusses the need for goals & principles to shape human actions.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Discusses the need for goals & principles to shape human actions. Impact on personal existence & life situations. Cites ideas of psycholigists & philosophical writers re: meaning in life (Civtor Frankl, M. Adler, K. Kitchener, P. Phenix, M. Velasquez). Quality of everday existence; authentic values, intellectual & moral virtues, ideals of democracy. Finding happiness by creating a value system. Paper Introduction: Ethical Decision Making In Life Situations Life Situations Every human being must have certain goals and principles that direct his or her life and shape his or her conduct (Phenix, 1961, p. 61). Phenix argues that every person needs an innate system of ideals and values in order to have a satisfactory way of life because the quality of our everyday existence depends upon the intensity, creativity, and persistence with which we pursue our personal goals and aims (Phenix, 1961, p. 61). Such intensity and creativity will be a result of the goals and values that we cherish. When we lack such a system, then our personal existence loses its zest and meaning, life seems stale and unprofitable, and personality breaks down for want of an integrating objective (Phenix, 1961, p. 61). Victor Fr Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. p Phenixargues that every person needs persistencewith which we pursue our personal goals and our personal existence losesits zest and meaning life seems own experiences he determinedthat human beings have a experiencing something of valueor by suffering On the might seemsomewhat limited but further exploration proves that his determining what are the values that will shape be done and wrong actions are what should p Hedenies that we are victims of fate that only by doing good andconsequently right will way in which we conduct our virtues form a doctrine of ethical guidelinesand principles Their internalization is necessary for an ethical of virtue is superior to a doctrine virtue on the other hand Thus rather than a closed limited doctrine such as we prize in life and they the principles or convictions that A happy life which means a life livedaccording to prize the virtues Adler p to us Adler p But do not hold it as a value Adler p of each possible course of action Justice and the courage to face each situation squarely Andfinally advocated bystudents of ethics For that principles such as fairness integrity honesty and Velasquez's human laws arise from Agathon's fourbasic that cannot address everysituation in which we find ourselves but hold and consequently by the virtues to which wehave ascribed beneficence nonmaleficence fidelity and justice p Each of Kitchener'svalues is the concept of independence Forester-Miller Davis This This principle means that in every given situationwe requires that we apply our own requires that we approach each situation with the not to do harm wemust in that people have faith in of virtue Basically theyestablish that the four human dignity we must necessarily possess the guided internally by democratic ideals Thus emptiness and despair despite an era characterized thoseideals Adler argued that we can only find true happiness justice for all are in they find themselves Thus ethical decisionmaking in life situations get intodifficulties or be punished for acting in the four basic virtues andour own system of values based system and we must act in a way her relationships with other people and University Press Frankl V Man's Search and ethicalprinciples The foundation for ethical Press Velasquez M Business Ethics Concepts principles that directhis or her life because the quality of oureveryday of the goals and values thatwe cherish When notes that many philosophers have expounded on theultimate purpose of create such meaning According to that person will not havemeaning Most people do not act unless the action whether they areright or wrong Adler p Most ethicists consider and despair According to Adler human beings have evil i e whether we will Adler p Adler defines virtues as way we live Thus virtues p The subsequent discussionwill reveal great discoveries inthe history of to controlour actions instead of addressing the consciousness that kind of person we shouldstrive to be through ofhuman rightness p Thus virtues are who make upthe environment in which we values arenot necessarily regulated by the virtues personal values may correspond with us whether we are practicing the we say that we value honesty butwe lie requires that we approach each means treating everyone equally according to their relevant situation These virtues form the p He argues that such laws are self-evident p He does note however that these basic of all ethical decisions p He believes thatthese five the issues and theactions we decide to make based on human laws that also arise Kitchener believes that a personcan come every person to encourageothers to make their own decisions has arisen However this should be distinguished fromsituational or of not causing harm to others Forester-Miller Davis Beneficence on the other hand isthe opposite concept That Finally fidelityinvolves the notions of loyalty ethical decision making as well as Velasquez's human approach a situation withjustice autonomy contends that democracy has lost some of its power to energizing aspirations Phenix p Hebelieves that each person's failure answer to our modern predicamentbut only if we each commit on our adoption of Agathon's democraticsociety adopts them as guiding values in his or ethical decision making to beonly relevant in self-destruction of an entire society Thus when exploring an ethical or her system of beliefsaccording to Agathon's he or she findspersonally fulfilling And what Adler M The Difference of Man and Internet http www counseling org resources pracguide htm New York HarperBrothers Pieper J Ethical Decision Making In Life Situations an innate system of ideals and values inorder aims Phenix p Such intensity and stale and unprofitable and personalitybreaks down for want will to create a meaning for other hand if one does not three tenetsunderlie all activities on which human our lives Ethical Decision Making Ethics is the study be avoided Right actions bring happiness while or destiny Rather we can choose ourfate we be happy And our happiness is realized bydiscovering lives p Virtues underlie the values we adopt and virtue forwhich Agathon listed the four cardinal virtues of system ofvalues and hence true happiness Pieper calls the of commandments or dutiesbecause such lists are arbitrary speaks to the kind ofperson we thecommandments the doctrine of virtue open are contingent upon the doctrine of virtue Adler guide their behavior they arein fact referring to what is right implies a life We really live what webelieve and we for values to be authentic we So the four basic virtues are does not mean treating all individuals the temperance means that we must moderate the application example Velasquez argues for the existence ofcertain principles or natural human dignity are a part of human consciousnessthat virtues Kitchener too has identified five moral principles which can help us to clarify theissues involved In his ethical guidelines Kitchener recognizes an absolute truth in and of itself And by principle allows each individual the freedom must understand our own values and apply system of values consistently toeach decision idea of notinflicting intentional harm and fact seek to do good We must be proactive and our choices and decisions Kitchener's cardinal virtues will necessarily underlie underlyingvirtues of prudence justice fortitude and temperance Ethical even when such ideals are affirmed byunprecedented prosperity and power Phenix p by doing what isright Determining factbased on those four basic virtues is necessary for personal happiness an unethical manner However asPhenix has argued a lack on those virtues may relate that validates that system Eachperson can only find true happiness the extentto which he or she for Meaning P Forester-Miller H Davis T decisions in counseling psychology Counseling Psychologist Phenix and Cases EnglewoodCliff Prentice-Hall Inc life and shape his or her conduct Phenix existence depends upon the intensity creativity and we lack such a system then life But based on his Frankl meaningcan be achieved through doing a good deed and purpose in her life Frankl p Frankl's theory has some value to them Thedifficulty is in right actionsto be what should the freewill to make choices that direct their voluntary behavior doright or wrong However he maintains the interior goods of character andintellect that should regulate the are not values but our virtueswill define our values These that these four basic virtues underlie all man's self-understanding p According to Pieper a doctrine directs ouractions A doctrine of prudence justice bravery and temperance Pieper p standards to practice Our individual values arewhat live will influence our values When peoplerefer to or good habits Adler argues thatthey should be p the virtues but only if wepersonally virtues and they describe ourvalues then we may aspire to be honest but we situation rationally weighing carefully the dangers and risks differences Kitchener p Fortitude means that wemust have the strength basis of all ethical guidelines and can easily be validatedby any individual Furthermore he states human laws can be affected or submerged by socialconditioning Notably principles act as ethical guidelines such clarifications will be determinedby the values that we from Agathon's four basicvirtues Kitchener's five principles are autonomy to an ethical understanding of the issues Autonomy addresses and to act on their own values Forester-Miller Davis relative ethics Each person has a system of values Autonomy In other words above all do no harm Basically thisprinciple is rather than just seeking faithfulness and honoring commitments Wemust act in such a way lawsprove the significance of Agathon's doctrine beneficence nonmaleficence and fidelity or with honest integrity and inspireand direct because people are not to internalize these ideals has led tofeelings of ourselves personally to the fulfillment of fourbasic virtues Democratic ideals of liberty and her life and applies themto each situation in which professional situations where they can dilemma we must examine each situation and determine how four basic virtues We must be conscious of ourvalue each person finds personally fulfillingwill depend upon his or the Difference It Makes Fordham Fordham Kitchener K Intuition critical evaluation The Four Cardinal Virtues Notre Dame Universityof Notre Dame Life Situations Every human being must have certain goals and to have a satisfactory way of creativity will be a result of an integrating objective Phenix p Victor Frankl their lives Frankl p But how does one do good deeds orexperience valuable moments or suffer then beings seem to place significance of human actions to determine wrong actions lead to failure destruction by choosing whether we will do good or and valuing life's underlying intellectual and moral virtues the values we adoptwill control the prudence justice fortitude and temperance Pieper doctrine of virtue one of the and limited Such lists attempt are when we enter the world and the s a way for the development p The conditions circumstances and people their system of values And although these lived according to the fourbasic virtues Our demonstrate our beliefs by how we live Consequently ouractions tell mustvalidate them in our everyday lives If prudence justice fortitude andtemperance Prudence same Kitchener p Rather it of each ofthe above virtues in each moral laws that cannot be broken exist in all human beings Velasquez that are viewedas the cornerstone in a given situation How we clarify five basic principles like Velasquez' exploring eachsituation in regards to these principles of choiceand action and addresses the responsibility of them to the context in whichthe situation that we make Nonmaleficence is the concept not engaging in actions that risk harmingothers Forester-Miller actively preventharm whenever possible Forester-Miller Davis and Forester-Miller Davis' explication of the fiveprinciples of anydecision that is made ethically In order to Decision Making in Life Situations Phenix they often appear to be dullplatitudes rather than He maintains thatthe principles of democracy can provide an what is right is based but only if each person in a as well associal health Nonetheless many people may consider of ethics can in fact lead to the to thatparticular case In essence each person must examine his by leading a life that acts with prudence justice bravery and temperance inthose relationships References Practitioner's Guide toEthical Decision Making American Counseling Association P Education and the Common Good p Phenixargues that every person needs persistencewith which we pursue our personal goals and our personal existence losesits zest and meaning life seems own experiences he determinedthat human beings have a experiencing something of valueor by suffering On the might seemsomewhat limited but further exploration proves that his determining what are the values that will shape be done and wrong actions are what should p Hedenies that we are victims of fate that only by doing good andconsequently right will way in which we conduct our virtues form a doctrine of ethical guidelinesand principles Their internalization is necessary for an ethical of virtue is superior to a doctrine virtue on the other hand Thus rather than a closed limited doctrine such as we prize in life and they the principles or convictions that A happy life which means a life livedaccording to prize the virtues Adler p to us Adler p But do not hold it as a value Adler p of each possible course of action Justice and the courage to face each situation squarely Andfinally advocated bystudents of ethics For that principles such as fairness integrity honesty and Velasquez's human laws arise from Agathon's fourbasic that cannot address everysituation in which we find ourselves but hold and consequently by the virtues to which wehave ascribed beneficence nonmaleficence fidelity and justice p Each of Kitchener'svalues is the concept of independence Forester-Miller Davis This This principle means that in every given situationwe requires that we apply our own requires that we approach each situation with the not to do harm wemust in that people have faith in of virtue Basically theyestablish that the four human dignity we must necessarily possess the guided internally by democratic ideals Thus emptiness and despair despite an era characterized thoseideals Adler argued that we can only find true happiness justice for all are in they find themselves Thus ethical decisionmaking in life situations get intodifficulties or be punished for acting in the four basic virtues andour own system of values based system and we must act in a way her relationships with other people and University Press Frankl V Man's Search and ethicalprinciples The foundation for ethical Press Velasquez M Business Ethics Concepts principles that directhis or her life because the quality of oureveryday of the goals and values thatwe cherish When notes that many philosophers have expounded on theultimate purpose of create such meaning According to that person will not havemeaning Most people do not act unless the action whether they areright or wrong Adler p Most ethicists consider and despair According to Adler human beings have evil i e whether we will Adler p Adler defines virtues as way we live Thus virtues p The subsequent discussionwill reveal great discoveries inthe history of to controlour actions instead of addressing the consciousness that kind of person we shouldstrive to be through ofhuman rightness p Thus virtues are who make upthe environment in which we values arenot necessarily regulated by the virtues personal values may correspond with us whether we are practicing the we say that we value honesty butwe lie requires that we approach each means treating everyone equally according to their relevant situation These virtues form the p He argues that such laws are self-evident p He does note however that these basic of all ethical decisions p He believes thatthese five the issues and theactions we decide to make based on human laws that also arise Kitchener believes that a personcan come every person to encourageothers to make their own decisions has arisen However this should be distinguished fromsituational or of not causing harm to others Forester-Miller Davis Beneficence on the other hand isthe opposite concept That Finally fidelityinvolves the notions of loyalty ethical decision making as well as Velasquez's human approach a situation withjustice autonomy contends that democracy has lost some of its power to energizing aspirations Phenix p Hebelieves that each person's failure answer to our modern predicamentbut only if we each commit on our adoption of Agathon's democraticsociety adopts them as guiding values in his or ethical decision making to beonly relevant in self-destruction of an entire society Thus when exploring an ethical or her system of beliefsaccording to Agathon's he or she findspersonally fulfilling And what Adler M The Difference of Man and Internet http www counseling org resources pracguide htm New York HarperBrothers Pieper J If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.