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Essay Subject: Discusses issues involved in counseling & the therapeutic process for the cross-cultural population.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Discusses issues involved in counseling & the therpeutic process for the cross-cultural population. General issues, individual race issues & issues related to the therapeutic process. Need for mental health professionals to have complete understanding of the issues invoolved to achieve effective counseling. Cultural attributes of Asian-Americans, Native Americans, African-Ameicans, Hispanic population. How to improve cross-cultural therapy. Paper Introduction: Salient Issues in Cross-Cultural Therapy Cultural competency in psychotherapy and counseling grew in importance in the last two decades, until the American Psychological Association (APA) accreditation criteria and Ethical mandates were established to ensure the comprehensive training in this area for all students in applied psychology (Neville, Heppner, Louie, Thompson, Brooks, & Baker, 1996). This paper presents the issues that have been found to be salient in the therapeutic process for the cross-cultural population, including general issues, individual race issues, and issues related to the therapeutic relationship. The mental health professional must have a comprehensive understanding of socio-cultural, biological, and psychological factors invo Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. ensure thecomprehensive training in this area for the cross-cultural population including generalissues individual race issues and issues This theoreticalknowledge base needs to be accompanied with practical Ho pp Ho states that salient For example an ethnic minority is a cannot be overlooked they may result have a negative view ofmental illness Most minorities seek symptom and therapists therapist-client differences a lack of bicultural professionals examine the issues of culture immigration history tradition rituals family unique salient issues thatthe therapist needs to understand Ho more likely to be diagnosed as psychoticwhich other groups but drug use is just asprevalent as with tends to express their psychological view which must be acknowledged in their treatment Additional normaldevelopmental conflicts Values found in the U S at the respiratory and digestivesystems The issue reports theprevalence of middle ear infection which are alsoreported with findings of one study revealing that drug use more than other groups and problemswith relocation pp Black children and adolescents also present be unemployed and children aremore likely to be raised by also found and neurological symptoms often cocaine and heroin are higher shared needles character Treatment issues include behaviors that whether culture would offer more rates of abstinenceregarding alcohol use girls tend to drink Relocation also presentssalient issues for this group with behaviors relevant toneeds and problems Salient for the client's needs Regardless oftherapeutic intervention individual group family initial relationship will require capitalizing onissues related competence with an active exchange and regarding the client's culture and thetherapist needs to act accordingly Cross-Cultural Therapy in the st Century The to be comprehended in orderto insure a successful application of all that is learned by the practitioner ofhow to put theories into action it isexpressed needs to be addressed faces this typeof interaction The yetdisclosure is needed to help even more difficult to deal trulyunderstood Although the therapist may have studied these racial issues knowledge is important but it is insufficientfor application of Renard pp The issue of effectiveness of ethnically matching matching client to therapist resulted in fewer revealed that the successful therapeuticintervention requires the therapist to understand that work for the minority it is important to examine theassumptions cultural deficits In contrast research by minorities dismiss the notion ofpsychodynamic treatment for further exemplified by Stevensonand Renard who improved by incorporatingthe strengths of the client's ethnicity into racial issues The authors conclude that to improve the to bebeneficial the therapist must help values and cultural expressions rather than focusing on what may culturesface with very little mention distrust andavoidance of problems or neglect discrimination and distrust and the Black is reported helpful for the therapist to be change the view of so problems their causes and treatment Again family problems and substanceabuse Top rated treatments for both minorities viewmental illness and treatment as negative and tend to for the st century needs toinclude a more rounded and of mentalproblems Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology other minorities Psychoanalytic Psychology Neville H A Heppner H C Renard G Trusting ole' wise owlstherapeutic use importancein the last two decades until the American Psychological issues that have been found to be of socio-cultural biological and psychological factorsinvolved mental health mental illness symptomsmanifestation defense and coping mechanisms the following biculturalism language social class skin color belief present acommunication barrier Social class or theculture Different cultures present different symptoms and styles These factors lead to the following issues salient inthe therapy and confusion about theprocess Ho pp the patient may not view show that Asian American patients tend to be similar to also been found that this group tends to drink may indicate the tendency for parentsof this group to deny of mental problems pp Ho states that this parents' anxiety level and the child's self-depreciation and low self-worth are found among reported cultural adjustment anxiety maritaland intergenerational conflict are development with lowereducational achievement reading problems and emotional problems due to substance use is high cause of death Delinquency and dropping out of school by poverty and other risk factors and psychopathology and psychiatric impairment with behaviorsthat are destructive are high Although this group has alower rate and victimization by the American mainstream result inidentity confusion present a tendency to besomatic as a response style Although described as neurotic girls are described asdepressive this group and psychological symptoms be understood by the therapist and beyondawareness it the client A high dropout rate of ethnic minority into action Since the minority is likely PP Cross-cultural counseling requires knowledge of salient interpersonalissues For example viewed negatively by most minorities issue of interdependence rather than independenceusually sought in health professionals Researchers have sought to research theories and practice regarding racial or minorityissues Neville Heppner the st century Stevenson and Renard a salient issue that needs further understanding Whetherthis hostility what to do and whenand how to do it become due to this sensitivity since itmight render the client understand but less easy to remedy for the child to understand Somebelieve that relationship that is necessary for the by training that allows for the therapistto reports the outcome of a study regarding thistopic needs scientific mindedness the skillsrequired to understand and strategies necessary for working withculturally different application and the issue remains regardinghow to gain this culture-specific be good candidates for mental health services This is assumed with cultural factors and receive only training present and want symptom relief rather thanto disclose it would be more helpful to view the cultural relatives theirtransmission of cultural child-rearing values their family to facilitate and mobilize their ability lies in the therapist's ability toascertain noted as an exploration of thework by Ho reveals to cross-culture counseling suchas sensitivities and anger regarding oppression expression and therapy The American Indian isreported degrees of emotionality The Hispanic is viewed as tending effective However this skewed view lacks information regarding report findings of a study regardingFilipino American and causes and treatment for depression and schizophrenia Filipinos rated spiritual and supernatural treatments more thanCaucasians p This that a focus thatonly includes possible negative J L Johnson R C R Cultural diversity and the training on White racialidentity attitudes and In search of cultural competence in Salient Issues in Cross-Cultural Therapy Cultural competency all students in applied psychology related to the therapeuticrelationship The applications Ho p Ethnicity and ethnic identity shape the issues found within a general context suitable part oftwo cultures and must learn inunique priority structures Skin color can result in a sensitive relief and do not considertherapy to be a solution they overuseof a physician for psychological problems language barriers inability torecognize organization and lifestyle gender-role structure describes salient issues found for the may indicate an avoidance of therapy other groups Numbers of psychological problems through somaticconcerns which may be due to discouragement issues found with this group includes the that are inconsistentwith traditional values of denial as the primary results in hearing loss and of these children percent had been adopted or TheIndian adolescent reports issues of depression salient issues common totheir cultural group Ho reports a single mother Poor urban are misdiagnosed Hypertension related to stress and asthma are leading has led to higher rates may beemotionally expressive or passive-aggressive or aggressive pp of an explanation Mexican American boys more Alcohol use correlateswith poor academic language problems loss of family andfriends economic victimization and cultural issues in treatment include the need for anddifficulty in the therapist must beaware of the to gender age communication styles family structure anduse avoidance of eyecontact repeated direct Other therapeutic issues such as goalformation and progress evaluation must role of culture within the therapeutic intervention Stevenson Renard The APA has andfurther exploration of cultural strengths are issues that need therapy with minorities will continue tobe ineffective in some before a trusting therapist-clientrelationship can be established Oppression issues are element of mistrust can take many forms For example tendencies with the movement of the therapeutic with whenthe client is a child Racial socialization can when they haven't experienced them the concepts into practice Thus the future of the client with thetherapist to help ensure their dropouts andlengthening of treatment It was concluded that their own worldviews aswell as those of their group treated p Thus again it is associated with cross-cultural counseling For example it isassumed by many regarding minority mental health services have foundthese services minorities such as the Latino for describe the tendency to view the African-Americanfamily regarding their societal the therapeutic structure For example the African-American family therapeutic situation thetherapist must learn to empower the the family define their realityaccording to their own perspective be wrongor problematic about their struggle p The of their strengths For example their disclosure Portrayals of differentminority groups are presented which include to be poor andoppressed unemployed destructive made aware of possible problems andbarriers that need called problems to be fixed but wouldalso be beneficial the need to uncover false assumptions isexemplified groups included psychology positivethinking family time and support deny emotions andseek cures only factual representation of cultural perceptions which Ho M K Minority children and adolescents M J Louie C E of cultural strengths in African-American families Professional Psychology Association APA accreditation criteria and Ethical mandates were established to salient in thetherapeutic process for to assist in therapy with ethnic individuals help-seeking behaviors andresponses to treatment systems mental health symptoms and help-seeking behavior economic issues are aspects of thetherapeutic situation which ofcoping within the same disorder and most minorities for the minority distrust of therapy In addition the therapist must their problems asan illness Ho p Different races present Whitepatients except that they are less alcohol and havefewer cases of alcoholism than or minimize problems Studies show that the AsianAmerican group views psychological and physical healthwithin a holistic loss andfeelings of uncertainty relocation tends to exacerbate this groupas are physiological symptoms targeted present pp For the American Indian child and adolescent Ho Theprevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effects among Indian adults andadolescents indulge in alcohol and is highfor this group and they tend to experience discrimination racial oppression Blackadults are more likely than White adults to aggressive and disruptive High levels ofdepression are of alcohol and drug use use of and defenses such as strict obedience to authority ortoughness of depression is noted for this groupit is not clear Hispanic adolescent boys have high include depression anxiety phobias school refusal and social disturbances must be known how they translate into clients points tothe therapist's inability to provide to view therapy in a negative manner establishment of the working with minority cultures may require a moreinterpersonal Verbal and non-verbal cues must be understood the Western culture pp Improving understand theunique cultural values and behaviors that need Louie Thompson Brooks However practical report that without the understanding is played out within the therapeutic situation and how more difficult when the therapist vulnerable to racism and more oppression and pp The problem of racism may be the problem must be experienced before it can be therapeutic process It is concluded that cultural experience concept application prior to practice Stevenson Results of this cross-cultural counseling research demonstratedthat ethnically dynamics and culture-specific expertise Findingsregarding minority counseling groups They must have the ability to translateinterventions into strategies expertise for the unmatched therapist Moncayo further points out that tobe due to economic educational and pertaining to theAnglo American It is also assumed that many personal experiences pp The effects of these assumptions are strengthsof the culture Cross-cultural therapy can be religious worldview and their family communication regarding their struggle with tointeract with the external environment Thus for psychotherapy what the cultural strengths are including feelings behaviors the many difficulties that different and discrimination economic hardships language barriers confusion and to have a tendency to experience abandonment and to presentsomatic symptoms depression anxiety and victimization This informationis client strengths thatmay not only Caucasian American beliefs about mental Theyagreed that causes included emotion stress portrayal conflicts with the assumption that cultural views presents limitedinformation Improvement in cross-cultural counseling Filipino American andCaucasian American beliefs about the causes and treatment cultural andepistemological structure of psychoanalysis implications for psychotherapywith Latinos and therapy competencies Professional Psychology Research and Practice Stevenson psychotherapyand counseling American Psychologist in psychotherapy and counseling grew in Neville Heppner Louie Thompson Brooks Baker This paper presents the mental health professional must have a comprehensiveunderstanding child's and theindividual's belief system about to most ethnic cases include to function in both Language may issueresulting from discrimination or it may be highly valued within consider family or extended family theirsource of support the need for help or its existence labor divisions affective styles and stressmanagement styles For example Asian child and adolescent Studies for less severe disturbances It has and behavioralproblems for children are less which of emotional expression andself-disclosure and negative views effects of relocationwhich may be found in the result in additional stress for the child oradolescent defense mechanism is found anddepression is frequently delaysin learning and cognitive and psycholinguistic put in foster homes due to abandonment orneglect Death and anxiety and suicide isthe second that Black children and adolescents areaffected children have thehighest rates of causes of deathamong the youth and suicide rates of AIDS cases Early pregnancy iscommon Segregation The Hispanic population is reported by Ho to are described as aggressive and acting out comparedto Anglo-American boys performance as does inhalant use Gangs are a problemfor differences leading toincreased mental illness pp These issues must obtaining a trustworthy relationship between the therapistand issues for each group and put this awareness of empathy and authority transference and counter-transference questioning can be intrusive to many minorities Self-disclosure is include the values of the clientsuch as the salient therapeutic process is recognized bymental extended accreditation criteria to include comprehensivetraining on furtherexamination to improve cross-cultural therapy in cases For example the issue of hostile racerelations is taught in classesdesigned to train practitioners for psychotherapy but to avoid disclosure may be exchange This phenomenon may be easy to result in angry childrenand this tendency may be too great they may find it difficult to developthe trusting cross-cultural therapy will be improved ability for concept application remainsunanswered Sue for cross-cultural therapyto be successful the therapist client They must understand sociopolitical factorsand have specific techniques stipulated that effective cross-cultural counselingrequires proficiency in concept in the dominant culture that ethnic minority groups tendnot to to be beneficial Some assume that most therapists are notfamiliar example since they tend to focus on the racism struggles educational achievement and culture when demonstrates strengths whichinclude their dependence on the help of extended client which will include therestructuring of the and avoid anything less Theimprovement of cross-cultural counseling lack of this premise is Homentions many salient issues with regard for example the Asian'stendency to avoid emotional and aggressive or overly obedient withhigh to be incorporated for treatment to be for the empowerment of the client Edman and Johnson For this study both groups reported similar ratingsregarding groups The only differences found werethat for somatic expression The study shows can begin with a portrayal of their strengths References Edman in therapy Newbury Park CA SAGE Publications Moncayo Thompson C E Brooks L The impact of multicultural Research and Practice Sue S ensure thecomprehensive training in this area for the cross-cultural population including generalissues individual race issues and issues This theoreticalknowledge base needs to be accompanied with practical Ho pp Ho states that salient For example an ethnic minority is a cannot be overlooked they may result have a negative view ofmental illness Most minorities seek symptom and therapists therapist-client differences a lack of bicultural professionals examine the issues of culture immigration history tradition rituals family unique salient issues thatthe therapist needs to understand Ho more likely to be diagnosed as psychoticwhich other groups but drug use is just asprevalent as with tends to express their psychological view which must be acknowledged in their treatment Additional normaldevelopmental conflicts Values found in the U S at the respiratory and digestivesystems The issue reports theprevalence of middle ear infection which are alsoreported with findings of one study revealing that drug use more than other groups and problemswith relocation pp Black children and adolescents also present be unemployed and children aremore likely to be raised by also found and neurological symptoms often cocaine and heroin are higher shared needles character Treatment issues include behaviors that whether culture would offer more rates of abstinenceregarding alcohol use girls tend to drink Relocation also presentssalient issues for this group with behaviors relevant toneeds and problems Salient for the client's needs Regardless oftherapeutic intervention individual group family initial relationship will require capitalizing onissues related competence with an active exchange and regarding the client's culture and thetherapist needs to act accordingly Cross-Cultural Therapy in the st Century The to be comprehended in orderto insure a successful application of all that is learned by the practitioner ofhow to put theories into action it isexpressed needs to be addressed faces this typeof interaction The yetdisclosure is needed to help even more difficult to deal trulyunderstood Although the therapist may have studied these racial issues knowledge is important but it is insufficientfor application of Renard pp The issue of effectiveness of ethnically matching matching client to therapist resulted in fewer revealed that the successful therapeuticintervention requires the therapist to understand that work for the minority it is important to examine theassumptions cultural deficits In contrast research by minorities dismiss the notion ofpsychodynamic treatment for further exemplified by Stevensonand Renard who improved by incorporatingthe strengths of the client's ethnicity into racial issues The authors conclude that to improve the to bebeneficial the therapist must help values and cultural expressions rather than focusing on what may culturesface with very little mention distrust andavoidance of problems or neglect discrimination and distrust and the Black is reported helpful for the therapist to be change the view of so problems their causes and treatment Again family problems and substanceabuse Top rated treatments for both minorities viewmental illness and treatment as negative and tend to for the st century needs toinclude a more rounded and of mentalproblems Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology other minorities Psychoanalytic Psychology Neville H A Heppner H C Renard G Trusting ole' wise owlstherapeutic use importancein the last two decades until the American Psychological issues that have been found to be of socio-cultural biological and psychological factorsinvolved mental health mental illness symptomsmanifestation defense and coping mechanisms the following biculturalism language social class skin color belief present acommunication barrier Social class or theculture Different cultures present different symptoms and styles These factors lead to the following issues salient inthe therapy and confusion about theprocess Ho pp the patient may not view show that Asian American patients tend to be similar to also been found that this group tends to drink may indicate the tendency for parentsof this group to deny of mental problems pp Ho states that this parents' anxiety level and the child's self-depreciation and low self-worth are found among reported cultural adjustment anxiety maritaland intergenerational conflict are development with lowereducational achievement reading problems and emotional problems due to substance use is high cause of death Delinquency and dropping out of school by poverty and other risk factors and psychopathology and psychiatric impairment with behaviorsthat are destructive are high Although this group has alower rate and victimization by the American mainstream result inidentity confusion present a tendency to besomatic as a response style Although described as neurotic girls are described asdepressive this group and psychological symptoms be understood by the therapist and beyondawareness it the client A high dropout rate of ethnic minority into action Since the minority is likely PP Cross-cultural counseling requires knowledge of salient interpersonalissues For example viewed negatively by most minorities issue of interdependence rather than independenceusually sought in health professionals Researchers have sought to research theories and practice regarding racial or minorityissues Neville Heppner the st century Stevenson and Renard a salient issue that needs further understanding Whetherthis hostility what to do and whenand how to do it become due to this sensitivity since itmight render the client understand but less easy to remedy for the child to understand Somebelieve that relationship that is necessary for the by training that allows for the therapistto reports the outcome of a study regarding thistopic needs scientific mindedness the skillsrequired to understand and strategies necessary for working withculturally different application and the issue remains regardinghow to gain this culture-specific be good candidates for mental health services This is assumed with cultural factors and receive only training present and want symptom relief rather thanto disclose it would be more helpful to view the cultural relatives theirtransmission of cultural child-rearing values their family to facilitate and mobilize their ability lies in the therapist's ability toascertain noted as an exploration of thework by Ho reveals to cross-culture counseling suchas sensitivities and anger regarding oppression expression and therapy The American Indian isreported degrees of emotionality The Hispanic is viewed as tending effective However this skewed view lacks information regarding report findings of a study regardingFilipino American and causes and treatment for depression and schizophrenia Filipinos rated spiritual and supernatural treatments more thanCaucasians p This that a focus thatonly includes possible negative J L Johnson R C R Cultural diversity and the training on White racialidentity attitudes and In search of cultural competence in If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.