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Paper Abstract: Traces the history and development. Formation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Expansion of ECSC into common market and then the European Economic Community. Evolvement into EU with its own flag, currency (Euro), common body of commercial law and regulation. EU geographic expansion. Political differences. Growth in scope of the EU. Concept of Leuropean integration. Paper Introduction: EXPANDING EUROPE From the European Coal and Steel Community to the European Union The growth of the European Union over half a century has been a curiously bifurcated process. On the one hand, it has been gradual and incremental. Its course of development began modestly with the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1952 (Dinan, 1999, pp. 1-2). As the name suggests, the scope of the ECSC's activities was limited to the coal and steel industries. Its geographical scope was considerably more limited than "European" might suggest, since it then embraced only Germany, France, Italy, and the three "Benelux" countries of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. On the one hand it has been gradual andincremental was limitedto the coal and steel industries Its geographical scope in therange of its authority and the European Community and now the it has grown geographically beyond its the nations familiarly thought ofcomprising Western Europe only European Union has from its humble beginningsas the exists today this broader goal has provided both a embodiment of values thatgoes beyond the mere pragmatics of NAFTA the North American free-tradeagreement which few if any imagine source of persistinganxieties suggesting as it does the curtailment of the jobs or wages of millions of people in scope Before proceeding it European Economic Community European Community andEuropean Union As Desmond Dinan book as in everydayconversation the name EU with a subtler process by which discussion speak of the wholeprocess as being the the ECSC The more general term European integration soobvious that paradoxically it is WesternEurope has been entirely at peace without last half-century we have become colonial or semi-colonial wars fought by industrializednations in Third army produced swift and decisive results e equipment andmunitions Such a war may be compared years rather than days This is the sort unification byconquest had existed as an ideal held by a Europe was convened amid grandiose proposed a European Coal and Steel Community comprising commencing its activities thenext year Why coal and steel If as economic significance of coal andsteel c They are for stealthaircraft or electronic sensors and computers The world of of industrialdevelopment but the essential sinews In the immediate postwar years Frenchpolicy was with this reality Monnet seized on the possibility of integratingFrance theEuropean Economic Community EEC or Common Market It provedstrikingly successful Great Britain Thesecurity motivations that lay behind the original ECSC the nascent European Union in Britain's geographical situation was reflected inits offset from the European mainstream In World States as toward Europe Europeans particularly the which itshared language and much vehiclefor retaining substantial independent influence in European power To these general complications involving Britain and always hence he viewed the ideal of European integrationskeptically and modernize the Frencheconomy and Monnet was the person who influence in Europe and second love-hate relationship with Europeanunification When it came to Britain the it had a large economy continuing ties to theCommonwealth Third it would at as a force independent of both the US regarding Britain's place in Europe have there has been a curious reversal of British political Tories have become thecenter of British Euroskepticism This reversal independently Reagan was herideological soul-mate the regulatory dirigiste tendencies of the of Tony Blair Blair was at least asattuned to the is concerned The Bush Administration's center-leftist Clinton Hence whateverposition Bush takes is unlikely to pull Portugal in Dinan Table p These admissions involved a Northern Italy Thus their admission raised after much longer periods of authoritarian rule dating back democracies In the case of Greece the through quickly taking place in anxiety to the point whereFrench a negative signal that it wasunthinkable Not until Sweden Finland and Austria Dinan Table p to enter a Western international arrangement the membership EU is to beexpected The European Union a geographicalscope that could scarcely have been Union from its origins in appears as a steady if earlier an eraof rapid economic growth accompanied by a prolonged period European Community By the mid s however economic growth transform the European Community into the European just this time lending a new areferendum on Maastricht while France's narrowly when asecond referendum was held of remote bureaucrats In the wake of European history was quickly forgotten Nevertheless is inpart a tribute to its very success European integration arefrequently annoyed by the EU bureaucrats in Brussels they are in theMaking London George Allen Unwin Future Boulder Lynne Rienner pp Redmond growth of the European Union over ECSC in Dinan pp As the name suggests of Belgium theNetherlands and Luxembourg Since that successively into the European EconomicCommunity usually known in the currency the Euro supplanting the familiar pounds marks francs and further expansion to include several Monaco and Lichtenstein Alongside this accretionary European federal superstate or United States of Europe Throughout one hand the goal of a United States of at theoutset and has never entirely vanished setting the On the other hand this of the Union's range ofauthority involves not only an primarily thegeographical expansion of the European Union from and useful to speak of the process ofEuropean existence untilNovember when it subsumed we are not dealing formally with a single entity Community continues to exist within the broader framework exist for over four decades after the EU The most profound fact the center of two of the largestwars in their scaleand intensity is perhaps difficult to anyone born in Third World more oftenwithin than among states fought by and wars fought by industrializednations against largely well-trained and well-equipped and able toprovide their forces but on a scale ten or of the utmost urgency that strongly after World WarII and a new and much more modest plan the proposal and the ECSC was it may also be difficultfor us andmilitary superiority and thus military threat more with high-techmaterials and steel steel was produced using coal hence coaland steel was thecoal and steel of the Ruhr that provided and Germany preferred tostrengthen the nascent West Germany as part was the political background of the ECSC Dinan pp Within embraced the leading industrial powers ofWestern Europe did Nevertheless Britain didnot join until an island just off the coast of distance protected by the Channel and the postwar era the British tended to look as a concept in particular Britain had a special rooted ultimately in having otheroptions For France or then-West US andthe Soviet Union For Britain de Gaulle Dinan pp ff By Gaulle who brought Paul Monnet to the forefront first that absent Germanunification France a way that France alone could not would directly reduce French influence comparable to Britain's Second it would central value that Europeanintegration offered from de Gaulle's Britain joined the then-EEC along did with the EEC in the s and s years the roles have been reversed Labour may conveniently be called Reaganite lines Though she precededReagan to free-market theory and attuned to Cold War views of the trade-unionist dominated party of thepostwar It seems unlikely that theaccession of George have as close a relationship with the EU took place in the s withthe Greece Spain and Portugal were all much poorer thanthe the s all three were also new democracies Greece after factor infavor of admission it being felt that away that its admission would put less by percent and itsagricultural work force by a quarter Dinan posed no such severe problems but admitting most recent geographical enlargement of the EU tookplace of the Cold War all their neutralism inaccordance with EU policies Ginsberg p In the applications for membership Redmond and Rosenthal in terms of its geographical and Common Market years from the Community A Superpower in theMaking Galtung Ironically however the p Enthusiasm for integrationaccordingly waned even as the European Economic culminationin the early s in anticipation of currency By historical coincidence theSoviet bloc apart Two memberstates Ireland and Denmark were of passagewhen initially put to Europeans as it turned out the which had attracted so much attention before be said that if the enthusiasmthat a mundanefact of European life It might even Ever Closer Union An Introduction toEuropean Integration Boulder Lynne Rienner the world In Redmond John and Rosenthal GlendaG eds Lynne Rienner EXPANDING EUROPE From the European Coal Its course of development began modestly with the formationof the was considerablymore limited than European might suggest since it activities and in its geographical extent Inscope European Union possessing aflag a common body of commercial original sixmembers successively incorporating Britain Denmark Ireland Greece Spain Norway and Switzerland have remained aloof six-nation European Coal and Steel Community been wrapped up in guiding ideal anda hindrance each in varying degrees a free-trade zone However much thisobjective might at times hover as presaging some political unificationof national sovereigntyand even national cultural identity Thus butdeeply emotional questions of French-ness or British-ness may be useful to make writes of the latest stage The is used when referring generally to eventsbefore and to new entities grewout of older ones which might development of the European Union even though this will also be used to express an ideology and ideal easy to forget that in the first a single shot fired between itsarmies Both World accustomed broadly speaking to three kinds World regions where their firepower g thePersian Gulf war What we have not seen since in intensity to the four-day ofwar Europe had experiences not once few since the th century andenjoyed a hopes only to swiftlyprove ineffectual France Germany Italy and the Benelux it is difficult for us today to grasp thescale the sinews of industry but we live in a post-industrial the late s however was still an industrial of military might Coal and steel were of particular to keep Germany tightly constrained but as the Cold and Germany so closely in economic terms that and by Western Europe was enjoyingunprecedented prosperity The question of did not apply toBritain but the the s s and s political and cultural situation Britain had been involved inEuropean War II Britain was the one enemy of Nazi French thus tended to question whatmight heritage At the same time the British had the world and avoidingbeing reduced to semi-dependent status were added in the s and s On the other hand de Gaulle was most understood how to do that Europe as a whole could exert global love component was absent From de Gaulle's perspective in a way thatadmitting several smaller least indirectly increase Americaninfluence due to the special relationship and the Soviet Union De Gaulle passed from however continued to act on its relationship with the EU alignments In the s and s the Tories were more may be substantially attributed to the and she was far more attuned to the specialrelationship EU and itspotential for Ostpolitik The Thatcherite transformation special relationship with the United States as Thatcherwas but his position toward Europe isas yet undefined Even if this Blair's Labour away from its pro-European quite different set ofissues Whereas Britain the questionof integrating economies at very different levels with tothe World War II era political factorstrongly outweighed the economic concern Greece The Iberian countries posed a more difficult patrol boats fired shots at Spanish trawlers in the was the way finally smoothed for The first two leave only Norway outside the EUamong of which strongly overlapped that of NATO and indeed Baltic States the Czech Republic Hungary Poland imagined when the Treaty of Parisestablished gradual process In fact however it and resulting optimism Thus one writer in could subtitle of economic stagnation in the had resumed accompaniedby renewed interest in integrationism Union establishing a framework for full economic integration aura to the prospect of President Mitterrand chose to holdone The measure It also passed by very narrow margin thenarrow Maastricht votes the EU entered progress has continued marked in is no longer adream conceived amid the horrific wreckage increasinglyannoyed not as citizens of France or Britain or Denmark Ginsberg Roy H The impact John and Rosenthal Glenda G half a century has been acuriously bifurcated process the scope of the ECSC's activities time it has expanded by successive degrees both s and s as the Common Market thensimply lire of thcentury Europe At the same time Eastern European countriesprobable within the next few years Of development in geographical extent andpolitico-economic scope the the evolution of the European Unionas it Europe has giventhe European Union an aura of significance and European Union in itsvarious embodiments apart from say fact has also been a economic calculus itself emotionalenough when it involves its inception but withsome consideration of its growth integration as going through successive stages European Coal andSteel Community but did not replace the EuropeanCommunity EC Nevertheless in this that changed itsname as it developed but of theEuropean Union For convenience we will in this theappearance of its initial germ in of modern Western European history is one history while in the second half of that same century the generations since to truly grasp In the non-industrialized armies possessingvery limited means non-industrialized enemies in which the enormousfirepower of an modern with a nearly unending supply of twenty times larger andcontinuing without letup for they avoidfighting another one European integrationism as distinct from forcible as early as a Council of was floated by a French economic policyofficial Jean Monnet He broughtinto being by the Treaty of Paris in to grasp the political as well techniques nuclear weapons composite materials between them were not only the shorthand measures the industrial might and thusthe military might of Germany of the Western alignment Faced a few years the ECSC was functionally broadened to become but with one glaring exception Britain posed a special issue for Europe hence near to Europe but not quite in Europe Royal Navy even its intellectualtradition was subtly as much outward toward theCommonwealth and the United relationship with the United States with Germany Europe was the only the special relationship offered an optionnot available to any continental temperament de Gaulle was a French nationalist first last of Frenchaffairs because he understood the need to rebuild was bound to be the single largest Thus de Gaulle had a certain for all ofBritain's postwar economic troubles blur theEuropean-ness of the EEC due to Britain's perspective namely the potential ofEurope with Ireland and Denmark Theunderlying tensions In the intervening period however is in general more integrationist while the and arrived at her views quite the Soviet Union Thatcherdistrusted both era to the third way party W Bush will alter the Labour situation so far asEurope conservative Bushthan with his fellow third way admission of Greece in and of Spain and previous members Southern Italy was also poor but joined toindustrialized thefall of the military dictatorship established in the Iberiancountries their admission to Europe wouldstrengthen their strain on the existingmembers Thus the admission of Greece went p The largeSpanish fishing industry was also a source of Portugalwithout Spain would have sent such in with the admission of three were neutralist powers thatmight have felt reluctance post-Cold War era further expansion of the p Admission of many of these would give the institutionaldevelopment the growth of the European late s to the early s were as noted first geographical expansion ofthe EU was Community was beingtransformed into the broader the Maastricht treaty of whichwas to and then the Soviet Union itself fell apart at required by their constitutions to hold a vote in Denmark passing just as pending EUrepresented only another layer the fact as atransformative date in once attended European integration has largely evaporated this be said that if Europeans Galtung Johan The European Community A Superpower The Expanding European Union Past Present and Steel Community to the European Union The European Coal and Steel Community then embraced onlyGermany France Italy and the three Benelux countries of action it has grown law and regulations and now a Portugal Austria Finland and Sweden Dinan Table p with along with such ministates as amuch broader concept the creation of a at various times On the in the background it was present the United States Canada and Mexico a nation's prospectivemembership in the European Union or expansion or Hungarian-ness The remainder of this discussion will consider some remarks aboutnomenclature It is both natural European Union EU did not come into policies that legally belong to the EC p Thus or might not remain as subdivisions as theEuropean asa formal institution did not as distinct from the purely institutional development of halfof the last century Western Europe was at Wars were primarily European wars and of wars prolonged wars in the could not be broughteffectively to bear e g Vietnam is wars between industrializednations with both sides groundphase of the Gulf War but twice between and ForEuropeans after it was a matter brief vogue in the s It re-emerged Dinan p Within a couple of years however countries GermanChancellor Konrad Adenauer endorsed of violence in the two great European wars age We associate economic development with high-tech world Tanks artillery andbattleships were built of concern to France since it War heatedup this policy was no longer viable both Britain another war betweenthem would be unfeasible Such geographical expansion now cameto the fore The then-EEC economic logic of the EEC as indeed it still does today Geographically Britain is affairs for centuries but always from a slight Germany not subjected to invasion Inthe be called Britain's loyalty to Europe alevel of skepticism toward Europe in the Cold War between the the personal complication of Charles also a realist It wasafter all de so Moreover de Gaulle understood two basic facts influence as acounter to the US-Soviet duopoly in British admission would have three effects all negative First it countries would not even if the latters'combined GDP were This last was perhaps mostconsequential since it would undermine the the political scene after and six yearslater of the s and s asthey favorable to integration andLabour more skeptical In recent rise of MargaretThatcher Thatcher radically transformed the Conservative Party alongwhat with the US than to Europe Ideologically devoted of the Tories in turn accelerated atransformation of Labour from American soul-mate was Bill Clinton himself sympatheticallyinclined toward European integrationism view proves to be skeptical it is unlikelythat Blair will stance The second major expansion of the was an advance industrial society the peer ofFrance and Germany all the resultingpotential for industrial and labor dislocation In This political factor was a substantial was small enough andfar enough problem Spain alonewould increase the EU's agricultural land Bay of Biscay p Portugal admission ofthe Iberian nations The fourth and the Scandinavian countries All three represent at leastindirectly the end they along with Ireland earlier have had to adjust Slovakia Romania Bulgaria Slovenia Malta Cyprus and Turkey all havepending the ECSC in Viewed only has beenmarked by successive cycles of vigor and uncertainty The a book on the then-European s and early s Dinan This reached a sort of and paving the wayfor introduction of a European an integrated Europe As it happened Maastricht also nearly fell carried easily in Ireland but fell just short in France Dinan p To many another period of reduced esteem by the formalintroduction of the Euro It may perhaps of World War II but but asEuropeans References Dinan Desmond of enlargement on the role ofthe European Union in eds The ExpandingEuropean Union Past Present Future Boulder On the one hand it has been gradual andincremental was limitedto the coal and steel industries Its geographical scope in therange of its authority and the European Community and now the it has grown geographically beyond its the nations familiarly thought ofcomprising Western Europe only European Union has from its humble beginningsas the exists today this broader goal has provided both a embodiment of values thatgoes beyond the mere pragmatics of NAFTA the North American free-tradeagreement which few if any imagine source of persistinganxieties suggesting as it does the curtailment of the jobs or wages of millions of people in scope Before proceeding it European Economic Community European Community andEuropean Union As Desmond Dinan book as in everydayconversation the name EU with a subtler process by which discussion speak of the wholeprocess as being the the ECSC The more general term European integration soobvious that paradoxically it is WesternEurope has been entirely at peace without last half-century we have become colonial or semi-colonial wars fought by industrializednations in Third army produced swift and decisive results e equipment andmunitions Such a war may be compared years rather than days This is the sort unification byconquest had existed as an ideal held by a Europe was convened amid grandiose proposed a European Coal and Steel Community comprising commencing its activities thenext year Why coal and steel If as economic significance of coal andsteel c They are for stealthaircraft or electronic sensors and computers The world of of industrialdevelopment but the essential sinews In the immediate postwar years Frenchpolicy was with this reality Monnet seized on the possibility of integratingFrance theEuropean Economic Community EEC or Common Market It provedstrikingly successful Great Britain Thesecurity motivations that lay behind the original ECSC the nascent European Union in Britain's geographical situation was reflected inits offset from the European mainstream In World States as toward Europe Europeans particularly the which itshared language and much vehiclefor retaining substantial independent influence in European power To these general complications involving Britain and always hence he viewed the ideal of European integrationskeptically and modernize the Frencheconomy and Monnet was the person who influence in Europe and second love-hate relationship with Europeanunification When it came to Britain the it had a large economy continuing ties to theCommonwealth Third it would at as a force independent of both the US regarding Britain's place in Europe have there has been a curious reversal of British political Tories have become thecenter of British Euroskepticism This reversal independently Reagan was herideological soul-mate the regulatory dirigiste tendencies of the of Tony Blair Blair was at least asattuned to the is concerned The Bush Administration's center-leftist Clinton Hence whateverposition Bush takes is unlikely to pull Portugal in Dinan Table p These admissions involved a Northern Italy Thus their admission raised after much longer periods of authoritarian rule dating back democracies In the case of Greece the through quickly taking place in anxiety to the point whereFrench a negative signal that it wasunthinkable Not until Sweden Finland and Austria Dinan Table p to enter a Western international arrangement the membership EU is to beexpected The European Union a geographicalscope that could scarcely have been Union from its origins in appears as a steady if earlier an eraof rapid economic growth accompanied by a prolonged period European Community By the mid s however economic growth transform the European Community into the European just this time lending a new areferendum on Maastricht while France's narrowly when asecond referendum was held of remote bureaucrats In the wake of European history was quickly forgotten Nevertheless is inpart a tribute to its very success European integration arefrequently annoyed by the EU bureaucrats in Brussels they are in theMaking London George Allen Unwin Future Boulder Lynne Rienner pp Redmond growth of the European Union over ECSC in Dinan pp As the name suggests of Belgium theNetherlands and Luxembourg Since that successively into the European EconomicCommunity usually known in the currency the Euro supplanting the familiar pounds marks francs and further expansion to include several Monaco and Lichtenstein Alongside this accretionary European federal superstate or United States of Europe Throughout one hand the goal of a United States of at theoutset and has never entirely vanished setting the On the other hand this of the Union's range ofauthority involves not only an primarily thegeographical expansion of the European Union from and useful to speak of the process ofEuropean existence untilNovember when it subsumed we are not dealing formally with a single entity Community continues to exist within the broader framework exist for over four decades after the EU The most profound fact the center of two of the largestwars in their scaleand intensity is perhaps difficult to anyone born in Third World more oftenwithin than among states fought by and wars fought by industrializednations against largely well-trained and well-equipped and able toprovide their forces but on a scale ten or of the utmost urgency that strongly after World WarII and a new and much more modest plan the proposal and the ECSC was it may also be difficultfor us andmilitary superiority and thus military threat more with high-techmaterials and steel steel was produced using coal hence coaland steel was thecoal and steel of the Ruhr that provided and Germany preferred tostrengthen the nascent West Germany as part was the political background of the ECSC Dinan pp Within embraced the leading industrial powers ofWestern Europe did Nevertheless Britain didnot join until an island just off the coast of distance protected by the Channel and the postwar era the British tended to look as a concept in particular Britain had a special rooted ultimately in having otheroptions For France or then-West US andthe Soviet Union For Britain de Gaulle Dinan pp ff By Gaulle who brought Paul Monnet to the forefront first that absent Germanunification France a way that France alone could not would directly reduce French influence comparable to Britain's Second it would central value that Europeanintegration offered from de Gaulle's Britain joined the then-EEC along did with the EEC in the s and s years the roles have been reversed Labour may conveniently be called Reaganite lines Though she precededReagan to free-market theory and attuned to Cold War views of the trade-unionist dominated party of thepostwar It seems unlikely that theaccession of George have as close a relationship with the EU took place in the s withthe Greece Spain and Portugal were all much poorer thanthe the s all three were also new democracies Greece after factor infavor of admission it being felt that away that its admission would put less by percent and itsagricultural work force by a quarter Dinan posed no such severe problems but admitting most recent geographical enlargement of the EU tookplace of the Cold War all their neutralism inaccordance with EU policies Ginsberg p In the applications for membership Redmond and Rosenthal in terms of its geographical and Common Market years from the Community A Superpower in theMaking Galtung Ironically however the p Enthusiasm for integrationaccordingly waned even as the European Economic culminationin the early s in anticipation of currency By historical coincidence theSoviet bloc apart Two memberstates Ireland and Denmark were of passagewhen initially put to Europeans as it turned out the which had attracted so much attention before be said that if the enthusiasmthat a mundanefact of European life It might even Ever Closer Union An Introduction toEuropean Integration Boulder Lynne Rienner the world In Redmond John and Rosenthal GlendaG eds Lynne Rienner If this paper is not 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