THEORIES OF AGGRESSION.   Term Paper ID:30479 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: Differences between aggresstion in men and women. Greter physical and verbal aggressiveness of males. Biological and psychological theories. Influence of genes on personality. Effects of testesterone. Aggression as an adaptive response. Influence of serotonin. Aggression as a learned response. Role of parental behavior. Social influences. Effect of TV violence. Paper Introduction: I. Introduction There are differences between aggression in men and women, which may have a biological basis, but they are also tempered by psychological parameters and socialization issues (Archer, 1991; Fishbein, 1992). In animals, aggression is usually studied in terms of behavior alone, but in humans aggression encompasses the intention to harm another person, some form of behavior carried out as a result of this intention, and an emotion which can be anything from mere irritation to outright rage (Archer, 1991). While there are no outright statistics, males usually tend to be more aggressive than females in terms of physical and verbal aggression. A still unanswered question is how much of this difference is biological and how much is psychological. Differences are not only found between genders, but also with Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. usually studied in terms of behavior alone but inhumans Archer While there are no outright statistics males usually genders but also with age and education aggression decreasing have shownthat genes have a decided influence over instance assertivenessis percent inherited while in the gene for monoamineoxidase A to the National Institute forAlcohol Abuse and Alcoholism flight orfight response which if they accumulate abnormally the population at large There is prisoners convicted of non-violentcrimes Archer Similar results have Aggression is an adaptive response to external During development in utero testosteroneis produced around the seventh right hemisphere develops more rapidly thanthe males and females such as theirsusceptibility to aggressive behavior Excessive person moresusceptible to aggression In normal females aggression is usually thatfemale delinquents often have mesomorphic physiques There is evidence now that lower at the University of Texas and Yale University decrease aggression in somepsychiatric disorders III Psychological Theories response rather than aninnate one Although genetic makeup may aggression than males from infancy onward Fishbein Theyare less appears to peak between the ages of months and months two-year-old girls suggesting that thistype study in Norway showed that percent of boys whowere determining aggression is not genetics but socialinfluences the greatest coercive abusive or punish harshly and condone orpromote children's television viewing toonly one to that infants as young as months prospective study showed that boys'television violence United States While television exposure alone is in a survey of high and trauma influenced violent behavior percent in males and percent type of behavior only percent and percent disinhibitions againstaggression These conditions during Margolin Researchers looked at the relationship between behavior was negatively correlated with internal locus ofcontrol inboys Girls were particularly likely to or frustrated because of their failure they not appear to be related to aggression in boys IV are raised theattention they get from responses to stressful situations which with problems with age and better ways of coping of this is due to social men and women but it is still usuallytempered by Psychosocial influences in childhood carry by client Centerwall B S Television and violence possible aggression gene Science Fishbein D H The psychobiology Genetic Psychology Harris M B Song L-Y Singer M J Anglin T M Violence but they are also tempered by psychologicalparameters and socialization result of this intention and an emotionwhich how much of this difference is biological andhow much is on personality has been studied by comparingidentical twins raised fraternal twins has usually shown that a large Dutch familywho have a genetic mutation which serotonin Other studies of individuals showing aggressive behavior have also because the MAOA enzymes affectedby the genetic defect one Dutch family andit is females Archer Fishbein Higher blood testosterone levels have been found results have been found when looking at femaleviolent offenders they because of innate differences in biological processes Fishbein The fetus and leads to different of the neurochemical system leads differences in hormone exposure between males and femalesmay alter a female may lead to more women Fishbein Reduced estrogen levels in low serotoninlevels and aggressive behavior in leads to more aggressive behaviorin these individuals in Maugh aggressiveness between males and females psychologicaltheories and environmental influences Colt and Kuehn It than males and this is in partresponsible mothers in one study reportedaggressive acts by that more than half the boys who weredelinquents by researchers agree on according to this little childmonitoring are violent or aggressive In the American Academy of Pediatrics issued Infants are born with the instinctto crimes showed that percent to percentreported having consciously Theintroduction of television in the s caused a subsequent Exposure to acts of violence and behavior percent in males and percent in in one city and percent in ordispleasure such as poverty overcrowding bothsexes Gender differences have been found in the for girls aggressive behavior was positively correlatedwith internal and unknown girls beliefs in powerful others wasassociated with These results suggest three possible mechanisms explaining girls'aggression being related cognitiveprocesses for problem solving and thus lead to aggressive behavior the majorinfluence appears to come real life and on television and Knight-Bohnhoff Explanations forthis can be physical rating higher on aggression scales than Anglos Harris and Knight-Bohnhoff be more submissive and less demonstrative Endocrine disturbances the more aggressive and though some of in later life References Archer J The influence Were you born that way Life incomplete reference given by S Margolin G The relationship between aggression in children Shortage of chemical causesaggression studies confirm Los Angeles Times Ruben I Introduction There are differences between aggression in aggression encompasses the intention to harm another person someform of tend to be moreaggressive than females in terms of with increasing ageand education level and between different ethnic groups personality Colt and Kuehn Physiological and body mass appears to be MAOA This enzyme aids in the in Evidence Although the evidence is sparse so far could stimulateaggressive tendencies Evidence Researchers caution that a lot of evidence for the effects of testosterone been found when looking atadolescent repeat offenders events but while bothsexes are week and this begins the left and in males the left develops later aggression later in lifemay be due to chemical influences less because of the relativeabsence and exposure of femaleathletes to anabolic steroids has also than normal levels of serotoninproduce aggressive behavior in have shown thatmanipulating the diet of normal individuals to artificially While biological theories propose that give someone a propensity foraggressive inclined to explore and engage in less in children according to Richard Tremblay from the University of behavior is normal in young children of both bullies in grades six to nine had being parental practices Aggressive children aremore likely to have parents violence The effect of television violence on aggression in children two hours a day because of of age incorporate behaviors seen on viewing at age significantly predicted theseriousness of crimes notresponsible for all aggression it appears to play schoolstudents aged between and percent males and percent females Song in females Males reported having shot orshot at someone within respectively in the same cities The researchersconcluded childhood can lead to anger which teacher-reported aggressionand three types of locus of control for success beliefs and negatively correlated with external have increased aggressionassociated with beliefs in powerful may be self-critical have low self-esteem and inferiority feelings because Critique Although there is some evidence for a biological basis their parents the behavior of their role models can invokeaggressive responses However there is evidence that with hostility inaging There is conditioning boys are taughtfrom infanthood psychosocial effects V Summary There over intoadulthood and set the tone for The scale of theproblem and where to go from here of female aggression Criminal Justice Behavior incomplete reference given byclient Knight-Bohnhoff K Gender and aggressionII Personal aggressiveness exposureand emotional trauma as contributors to issues Archer Fishbein Inanimals aggression is can be anything from mere irritation to outright rage psychological Differences are not only found between in separate environments and the studies character traits areapproximately percent due to inheritance For may cause periodic outbursts ofaggression Evidence The mutation is shownthe same neurochemical findings according breakdown the neurotransmitters of the difficult to generalize the information to in prisoners withhistories of violent behavior than in also showed higher testosterone levels than femalescommitting non-violent offenses aggressive response is due to an interaction betweenhormones and neurotransmitters neuroanatomicalfeatures In both sexes the to subtledifferences in emotional behavior in brain structure in such a way as to leave the aggressive behavior Studies have found thepremenstrual period in women have been associated with aggression a number of psychiatric disorders andnew studies Fluvoxamine which increases brainserotonin levels is now being used to propose that aggressiveness is a learned has been shown by many studies that females exhibit lessphysical for suppressing aggressive tendencies in females Aggressive behavior their two-year-old-boys and percent of mothersreported similar acts for their age could be identified by their behavior inkindergarten A similar report is that themost important factor in their relationships disciplineerratically are apolicy statement advising parents to limit imitate adult behavior and it has been shown imitated crime techniques learned fromtelevision programs A year doubling of thehomicide rate in the violent behavior can also predisposeindividuals to aggression as was shown females Experiencewith both violence exposure another but females reported the same or racial inequality can bothproduce aggressive inclinations and reduce etiology and maintenance ofaggressive behavior Halloran Doumas John and locus of control beliefs whereas in boys aggressive increased aggression in girls but decreased aggression to feelings of responsibility for failure theymay feel angry aggression Locus ofcontrol beliefs do from psychological sources particularlysocialization issues The environment in which children all play arole in molding their restrictions with age knowledge of better ways todeal Males exhibit more aggression thanfemales and much canincrease aggressive behavior in both thesedifferences are biological the prime determinant of aggression issocialization of testosterone on humanaggression British Journal of Psychology incomplete referencegiven client Evidence found for a and focus of controlbeliefs Journal of D What makes a child violent Parenting men and women which mayhave a biological basis behavior carried out as a physical and verbal aggression Astill unanswered question is Harris andKnight-Bohnhoff II Biological Theories The influence of genes psychological testing of pairs of both identicaland percentinherited Researchers in the Netherlands reported on breakdown of theneurotransmitters dopamine epinephrine norepinephrine and for such a genetic link toaggression it makes sense biologically so farthe genetic defect has only been demonstrated in the onaggressive behavior in both males and Although most such studies have been carriedout on males similar capable of aggression the aggressive behavior of males andfemales differs differentiationinto a male or a female than in females The roleof hormones in the design on neural patterns in utero In uteroand prepubertal of testosterone but disruptions in normal sex hormone productionin been shown to lead to moreaggressiveness in humans Maugh Previousepidemiological studies have shown a correlation between lower theconcentration of serotonin in the brain there is a chemical basis forthe differences in tendencies these tendencies can be positively or negativelyaffected by socialization rough and tumble play thanboys do Females are raised differently ofMontreal in Ruben Half of the sexes However another of Tremblay's studies showed at least one court conviction by age What most who are cold and rejecting do has beenknown for a long time its negative effects even at lowlevels of exposure Centerwall television Surveys of malefelons imprisoned for violent for which they were convicted by age a significant role ininfluencing aggressive acts particularly by males Singer and Anglin Violence exposure was found to affectviolent the past year in percent that an environment that generates significant discomfort isthe most important trauma symptom in predicting violent behavior for and failure experiences They found that locus of controlbeliefs Comparing boys and others for success experiences comparedto failure experiences offailure and blaming themselves for failure may interfere with for aggressionand differences between males and females in and their exposure to violence in aggression doesameliorate with age Harris also evidence of ethnic differences in aggressivetendencies with Hispanics to be more assertive and aggressive while girls are taughtto are differences between aggressive tendencies in males andfemales males being the degree of aggressive behavior exhibitedby both sexes JAMA Colt G H Kuehn K et al Halloran E C Doumas D M John R Sex Roles Maugh T H November adolescents' violent behaviors Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine usually studied in terms of behavior alone but inhumans Archer While there are no outright statistics males usually genders but also with age and education aggression decreasing have shownthat genes have a decided influence over instance assertivenessis percent inherited while in the gene for monoamineoxidase A to the National Institute forAlcohol Abuse and Alcoholism flight orfight response which if they accumulate abnormally the population at large There is prisoners convicted of non-violentcrimes Archer Similar results have Aggression is an adaptive response to external During development in utero testosteroneis produced around the seventh right hemisphere develops more rapidly thanthe males and females such as theirsusceptibility to aggressive behavior Excessive person moresusceptible to aggression In normal females aggression is usually thatfemale delinquents often have mesomorphic physiques There is evidence now that lower at the University of Texas and Yale University decrease aggression in somepsychiatric disorders III Psychological Theories response rather than aninnate one Although genetic makeup may aggression than males from infancy onward Fishbein Theyare less appears to peak between the ages of months and months two-year-old girls suggesting that thistype study in Norway showed that percent of boys whowere determining aggression is not genetics but socialinfluences the greatest coercive abusive or punish harshly and condone orpromote children's television viewing toonly one to that infants as young as months prospective study showed that boys'television violence United States While television exposure alone is in a survey of high and trauma influenced violent behavior percent in males and percent type of behavior only percent and percent disinhibitions againstaggression These conditions during Margolin Researchers looked at the relationship between behavior was negatively correlated with internal locus ofcontrol inboys Girls were particularly likely to or frustrated because of their failure they not appear to be related to aggression in boys IV are raised theattention they get from responses to stressful situations which with problems with age and better ways of coping of this is due to social men and women but it is still usuallytempered by Psychosocial influences in childhood carry by client Centerwall B S Television and violence possible aggression gene Science Fishbein D H The psychobiology Genetic Psychology Harris M B Song L-Y Singer M J Anglin T M Violence but they are also tempered by psychologicalparameters and socialization result of this intention and an emotionwhich how much of this difference is biological andhow much is on personality has been studied by comparingidentical twins raised fraternal twins has usually shown that a large Dutch familywho have a genetic mutation which serotonin Other studies of individuals showing aggressive behavior have also because the MAOA enzymes affectedby the genetic defect one Dutch family andit is females Archer Fishbein Higher blood testosterone levels have been found results have been found when looking at femaleviolent offenders they because of innate differences in biological processes Fishbein The fetus and leads to different of the neurochemical system leads differences in hormone exposure between males and femalesmay alter a female may lead to more women Fishbein Reduced estrogen levels in low serotoninlevels and aggressive behavior in leads to more aggressive behaviorin these individuals in Maugh aggressiveness between males and females psychologicaltheories and environmental influences Colt and Kuehn It than males and this is in partresponsible mothers in one study reportedaggressive acts by that more than half the boys who weredelinquents by researchers agree on according to this little childmonitoring are violent or aggressive In the American Academy of Pediatrics issued Infants are born with the instinctto crimes showed that percent to percentreported having consciously Theintroduction of television in the s caused a subsequent Exposure to acts of violence and behavior percent in males and percent in in one city and percent in ordispleasure such as poverty overcrowding bothsexes Gender differences have been found in the for girls aggressive behavior was positively correlatedwith internal and unknown girls beliefs in powerful others wasassociated with These results suggest three possible mechanisms explaining girls'aggression being related cognitiveprocesses for problem solving and thus lead to aggressive behavior the majorinfluence appears to come real life and on television and Knight-Bohnhoff Explanations forthis can be physical rating higher on aggression scales than Anglos Harris and Knight-Bohnhoff be more submissive and less demonstrative Endocrine disturbances the more aggressive and though some of in later life References Archer J The influence Were you born that way Life incomplete reference given by S Margolin G The relationship between aggression in children Shortage of chemical causesaggression studies confirm Los Angeles Times Ruben If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.