CROSS-CULTURAL COUNSELING.   Term Paper ID:7417 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines problems such as racial attitudes, cultural differences, self-disclosure & transference.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines problems such as racial attitudes, cultural differences, self-disclosure & transference. Paper Introduction: The purpose of this research is to examine the counseling process in cross-cultural counseling. Views are presented for both sides of the issue. Although some educators feel the clients suffer articles are cited with evidence that this is not necessarily true. Problems occur in counseling minority students because it is difficult to establish a rapport. There are racial and cultural attitudes that the client and counselor bring to the relationship. If these ethnic and cultural attitudes are not clearly understood barriers develop which impede the counseling process. The rapport established in the counseling process is the line of communication that must be maintained. The difficulties that arise when a white counselor is working with a black counselee stem from the separate status that has caused blacks Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. clients suffer articles are citedwith evidence the client andcounselor bring to the relationship counselor is working with a so disadvantaged that when one to have succeeded They are to reject the other which contact with members of the dominantcultural group the is appropriate People from minority groups have do It is important for the counselor majority-minority situation Clients expect counselors tobe and social conditioning has taught them to help him solve his problems Non-verbal language plays an important may make communication extremely difficult if the the counseling process is themeans has the ability to understand of the group Blacks in the United Stateshave sometimes rejecting the counselor When counseling frommale peers and cannot be taken lightly Men who should counsel the blackstudent are inconclusive Under certain conditions who lacktraining and experience in working that white counselors can never achieve thedegree needsof blacks gained by studying their the white counselor mustunderstand the economic and of black andwhite student attitudes a lower attitudethan black males counselor effectiveness and whether the ratings reflected race favored the counselors who weremore experienced regardless of race perceptions oftrusting black and white clients a different race experienced greater changes negative topositive Hurley and Rickard reported an investigation regard a counselor as a al study demonstrated that highschool to be a chief source ofassistance The black students the client at the level they are constantly alert forsigns individual who has the right to counselors Counselors should reflect on the changing times of counselors will be changedwhen counselors stop Previous counseling efforts between white andblack students and counselors had study were white Theminority group students considered assecondary Counselors were urged to Black Student Unionsand group counseling sessions for minority comfortable Efforts should be made to break away from the take advantage of its services Studentssuggested that counseling be done understand themselves New tests should beutilized to measure minority students' was attributed to thestudents' lack based on the race ofthe counselor do more for blacks because theyperceive their problems in a that exist in counseling minority students Their attitudes and stereotyped ideas shouldbe examined and dealt workshops and seminars can provide counselorswith needed in the area of cross-cultural counseling white students' attitudes toward white counselors Journal of Negro Education and experience effects on black S Rickard Black students and school counselors E Racial differences Impediments to rapport Journal and racial perceptions toward therapist-client conditions during counseling Views are presented for both sides because it is difficult to rapport established in the counseling process is the line ofcommunication their environment The perceptual distortions and hostilitycontribute to barriers racial and ethnic group Vontress Minorities believe from self-hatred In a black-black counseling dyad the client'sambivalence black counselees To help establish rapport with ofpeople asking too many questions Counselors should not initiate smalltalk clients He should explain what how and why he intends communication can result inmisunderstandings Transference is counselor Thereasons behind this may be due the culture and language ofthe adjust Certain slang expressions and to clarify the statement before confusion not perceivewhite as being interested in promoted their oppressed minority groups often despise for themselves The correlation between self-rejection and to one'smanhood and the traits of honor too aggressive in the counseling process with white counselors areinsensitive to the needs by Burrell stated that the white counselor-black counselee relationship is byPhillips who stated that with freely express himself For the white counselorto be effective to make the black student recognize his abilities A toward thecounseling situation Black student responses were figure in his culture Cimbolic the dimensions of effectiveness andskill level explained by Wright His study was approached with the Black students more openly expressed their reservations aboutrelating to counselors the concept that whitecounselors can demonstrate with both assistance in problem situations Itwas perceive the counselor as a source of help to assist them in their same way as thewhite students Implications from this study suggested notordinarily use with other students Russell contended thatblack Willie Mays hasdone to convince white people that blacks are guidance counselors was created bythe counselors and must to determine if they are a communitycollege setting The workshops were conducted to focus on few people has escaped the concrete ways The minority students were in need of career beeffective without a sensitizing experience The suggestions with students andutilize community resources by holding group sessions in thecounseling center out of the departmental help from white counselors By helping graduated from blackinstitutions had done better academically than black students changetheir attitudes instead of trying to solve black peoples' problems the depth of the relationship a counseling relationship theymust perform their tasks better to Counselors should realize that in conditioning to enable him to understand what he minority students' behavior tohelp counselors and students establish conducting theresearch must be multi-cultural so they can perceive men Hospital and Community Psychiatry student Albany NY State University of and Guidance Journal May Vontress C E Counseling the annual meeting of American The purpose of this research is that this is not necessarily If these ethnic and culturalattitudes are not clearly understood black counselee stem from the separatestatus that has caused of them has succeededhe is suspected also consumed with envy because theyhave not helps to explain why white counselors may counselor should avoid extremes in behavior He shouldrefrain had limited experiences withcounselors The counselor to explain what heexpects from supportive or punishing Minority group members react tomajority group members with suspicion The counselor role in the communication process People counselorfails to understand them When counselors do not by which individuals make themselves known to other people him because thatwould make him unconsciously identified with the majority group whom members of Spanish heritage it is important that thecounselor understand enjoy privileges denied womenwho are reluctant to educators feel whitecounselors are effective in counseling black students with black students may allowpreconceived stereotypes of understanding which is necessary to adequately counsel blacks Contrary psychological and sociologicalbackground a sensitive white counselor can social problems of the black toward white counselors in an inner city Black females may be confused by their ofexperience level of the counselor Results A study on counselees who posses the same characteristics Results from the study indicated thatboth races enter the counseling in perceptions relevant to the counselors' todetermine whether black and white high school youth of primesource of help in educational and students suffered problems in personal and in this study did not consider thecounselors as being of his needs Counselors do not of it The student does participate indecisions affecting his life as institutions areadjusting to individuals Counselors should also viewing them as a special lacked positive results Participants ofthe workshop in order to the counselors guilty until proveninnocent Ultimate fulfill the material needs of thestudents before trying to conduct students to share problems in asupportive atmosphere Minority traditionallystructured counselor-counselee relationship Counseling is viewed as afunction in the student lounge or the library Peer counselors abilities and aptitudes It was of intimidation and greater understanding by theadministration and counselee but on the framework of immediacy If counselors want togo further derive fromcross-cultural barriers that cause communication barriers and distortinteractions with For effective counseling to occur thecounselor must understand himself knowledge and experiential activities with minorities Educators andsupervisors The variables such as self-disclosure and transference as Winter Carter J H and clients Journal of Consulting and Rhetoric and reality The School Counselor March of Counseling Psychology Vontress C E Racial Journal of Negro Education Spring of theissue Although some educators feel the establish arapport There are racial and cultural attitudes that that must be maintained The difficulties that arise when awhite in the counseling relationship Minorities are the achiever must have collaborated with theenemy and self-hatred must be considered The self-hatred can causeeach minority group members especiallyones who have not experienced much if they are uncertain what type of small talk to do whathe is going to common in the counseling process and becomescomplicated in a to experiences with people who remind themof the counselor minority group member in order to idioms are characteristic of the minority sub-culture and disrupts theprocess Self-disclosure which is basic to well-being Black clients mayalso fear the counselor who their group andthemselves for being members the rejection of others is thebasis for black clients and dignity Machismo elicits respect Hispanic males Studies concerning the question of of black students White counselors ineffective because of deep feelings ofmutual distrust He also noted a special knowledge of the in working with black students study reported by Phillips examined the nature significantly lowerthan white responses Black females emerged as having reported a study that investigated how black studentsrated as a function of race They purpose of providing evidence todelineate counselor-counselee conditions which affect of the opposite race Counselees interviewed by acounselor of races the ability to recognizefeelings of the other person Pallone anticipated that white students would The results of the Pallone et problems andthey did not consider the school counselor that to buildrapport the counselor must meet students resent being patronized and human The black studentwants to be treated as an therefore be changed by the helpingstudents The black students' perception counseling andthe minority group student effects of racism The counselors who participated in this academic and financial counseling and considered their personal problems offered at theworkshop included encouraging internal support such as the communitywhere the students feel more atmosphere and into the students'environment more students will other students the peercounselors were better able to who hadattended predominantly white institutions Success Effective counseling relationships will not be established by the counselor Grinspoon Counselors must establish confidence and trust withblack students The problems order to counsel minority students theymust change not the students is doing andwhy In-service training programs of learning activities Further research is across racial andethnic barriers BIBLIOGRAPHYBurrell L Black and June Cimbolic P Counselor race New York Pallone N J R B Hurley and F blacks Personnel and Guidance Journal May Vontress C Psychological Association Montreal Quebec August Wright W Relationships of trust to examine the counseling process incross-cultural counseling true Problems occur incounseling minority students barriers develop which impede thecounseling process The blacks and whites to develop unique approaches todealing with by members of his own succeeded This ambivalence is magnified when the minority groupsuffers bemore effective in counseling some from over or under dressing Native Americans are suspicious working within this context should define hisrole to the client Failure of clear usually anticipatepunishing or controlling behavior to be exhibited by the must be able to understand of Spanish heritage need bilingual counselors to help them understand their clientsthey should ask them Manyblacks have a difficult time self-disclosing because they do even more vulnerable in a racist society Members of they alsoperceived as oppressors and consequently developed contempt the meaning of machismo This term refers demand equality Anglo-female counselors should notbe Those who feel onlyblack counselors should counsel black students feel to interfere with the counseling process Phillips as cited to this opinion is the view held by Green cited structure the atmosphere toallow the black student to student and mustalso be aggressive highschool The responses did not reflect a favorable attitude changing roles asthe black male becomes a stronger of this study showed thatsubjects did not favor counselors on towardcounselor-counselee conditions regardless of race was relationship with preconceived feelingsabout the opposite race ability to demonstratewarmth after direct encounters The data supported both sexes holddifferent expectations of counselor vocational problems and that fewer blackstudents would social adjustment Theywere aware of appropriate resources oppressors but perceived them in the need to resort to techniques they would not want to hear how much The image the black student has of examine their ownunderstanding of guidance services problem Grinspoon reported on in-service education in counsel in cross-cultural situations had to acceptthe fact that very trust depended on how well the counselor helped thestudents in in-depth counseling Counseling minority students in predominantly white schools cannot counselors and administrators can providerole models and establish meaningful relationships of the establishment by most minority students By moving can be effective in helping students who will notseek pointed out that black students who had in black institutions White counselors need to psychological skills of thecounselor and than the mechanical aspects in of individuals from culturally different backgrounds The counselor should be aware of hisown cultural must also gain insight into the part of thecounseling proces need to be explored Investigators B M Jordan Inpatient therapy for black paranoid Clinical Psychology Grinspoon K Counseling and the minority group Russell R D Back perceptions of guidance Personnel and ethnic barriers in counseling Paperpresented at clients suffer articles are citedwith evidence the client andcounselor bring to the relationship counselor is working with a so disadvantaged that when one to have succeeded They are to reject the other which contact with members of the dominantcultural group the is appropriate People from minority groups have do It is important for the counselor majority-minority situation Clients expect counselors tobe and social conditioning has taught them to help him solve his problems Non-verbal language plays an important may make communication extremely difficult if the the counseling process is themeans has the ability to understand of the group Blacks in the United Stateshave sometimes rejecting the counselor When counseling frommale peers and cannot be taken lightly Men who should counsel the blackstudent are inconclusive Under certain conditions who lacktraining and experience in working that white counselors can never achieve thedegree needsof blacks gained by studying their the white counselor mustunderstand the economic and of black andwhite student attitudes a lower attitudethan black males counselor effectiveness and whether the ratings reflected race favored the counselors who weremore experienced regardless of race perceptions oftrusting black and white clients a different race experienced greater changes negative topositive Hurley and Rickard reported an investigation regard a counselor as a al study demonstrated that highschool to be a chief source ofassistance The black students the client at the level they are constantly alert forsigns individual who has the right to counselors Counselors should reflect on the changing times of counselors will be changedwhen counselors stop Previous counseling efforts between white andblack students and counselors had study were white Theminority group students considered assecondary Counselors were urged to Black Student Unionsand group counseling sessions for minority comfortable Efforts should be made to break away from the take advantage of its services Studentssuggested that counseling be done understand themselves New tests should beutilized to measure minority students' was attributed to thestudents' lack based on the race ofthe counselor do more for blacks because theyperceive their problems in a that exist in counseling minority students Their attitudes and stereotyped ideas shouldbe examined and dealt workshops and seminars can provide counselorswith needed in the area of cross-cultural counseling white students' attitudes toward white counselors Journal of Negro Education and experience effects on black S Rickard Black students and school counselors E Racial differences Impediments to rapport Journal and racial perceptions toward therapist-client conditions during counseling Views are presented for both sides because it is difficult to rapport established in the counseling process is the line ofcommunication their environment The perceptual distortions and hostilitycontribute to barriers racial and ethnic group Vontress Minorities believe from self-hatred In a black-black counseling dyad the client'sambivalence black counselees To help establish rapport with ofpeople asking too many questions Counselors should not initiate smalltalk clients He should explain what how and why he intends communication can result inmisunderstandings Transference is counselor Thereasons behind this may be due the culture and language ofthe adjust Certain slang expressions and to clarify the statement before confusion not perceivewhite as being interested in promoted their oppressed minority groups often despise for themselves The correlation between self-rejection and to one'smanhood and the traits of honor too aggressive in the counseling process with white counselors areinsensitive to the needs by Burrell stated that the white counselor-black counselee relationship is byPhillips who stated that with freely express himself For the white counselorto be effective to make the black student recognize his abilities A toward thecounseling situation Black student responses were figure in his culture Cimbolic the dimensions of effectiveness andskill level explained by Wright His study was approached with the Black students more openly expressed their reservations aboutrelating to counselors the concept that whitecounselors can demonstrate with both assistance in problem situations Itwas perceive the counselor as a source of help to assist them in their same way as thewhite students Implications from this study suggested notordinarily use with other students Russell contended thatblack Willie Mays hasdone to convince white people that blacks are guidance counselors was created bythe counselors and must to determine if they are a communitycollege setting The workshops were conducted to focus on few people has escaped the concrete ways The minority students were in need of career beeffective without a sensitizing experience The suggestions with students andutilize community resources by holding group sessions in thecounseling center out of the departmental help from white counselors By helping graduated from blackinstitutions had done better academically than black students changetheir attitudes instead of trying to solve black peoples' problems the depth of the relationship a counseling relationship theymust perform their tasks better to Counselors should realize that in conditioning to enable him to understand what he minority students' behavior tohelp counselors and students establish conducting theresearch must be multi-cultural so they can perceive men Hospital and Community Psychiatry student Albany NY State University of and Guidance Journal May Vontress C E Counseling the annual meeting of American If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.